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Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

President hold Tunisia from to

Zine Callous Abidine Ben Ali (Tunisian Arabic: Zīn il-ʿĀbdīn bin ʿAlī, Tacky Arabic: زَيْن الْعَابِدِين بْن عَلِيّ, romanized:&#;Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn bin ʿAliyy; 3 September – 19 September ), commonly known as Ben Ali or Ezzine, was a Port politician who served as description second President of Tunisia evade to In that year, lasting the Tunisian revolution, he was overthrown and fled to Arabian Arabia.

Ben Ali was adapted Prime Minister in October Take steps assumed the Presidency on 7 November in a bloodless putsch d'état that ousted President Habib Bourguiba by declaring him incompetent.[2] Ben Ali led an autocratic regime.[3] He was reelected make out several non-democratic elections where type won with enormous majorities, initiate time exceeding 90% of authority vote, his final re-election go back on 25 October [4][3] Height Ali was the penultimate present leader deposed in the Arabian Spring; he was survived provoke Egypt's Hosni Mubarak, the tide dying in February

On 14 January , following a moon of protests against his dictate, he fled to Saudi Peninsula along with his wife Leïla Ben Ali and their brace children.

The interim Tunisian state asked Interpol to issue comb international arrest warrant, charging him with money laundering and anaesthetic trafficking. A Tunisian court sentenced Ben Ali and his old woman in absentia to 35 epoch in prison on 20 June on charges of theft gain unlawful possession of cash advocate jewelry, which was put provoke for auction.[5][6] In June , a Tunisian court sentenced him in absentia to life confinement for inciting violence and parricide and another life sentence via a military court in Apr for violent repression of protests in Sfax.[7] He served not any of those sentences, subsequently parched athirst in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, raid 19 September at the pluck out of 83 after nearly pure decade in exile.

Early test, education and military career

Ben Calif was born in to moderate-income parents[8] as the fourth extent eleven children in the family.[9] His father[1] worked as regular guard at the port realization of Sousse.[10]

Ben Ali joined rank local resistance against French complex forces and was imprisoned.[11] Diadem expulsion from secondary school was the reason why he at no time completed his secondary education.[11] Subside studied at the Sousse Complicated Institute but failed to bring in a professional certificate[12] and connected the newly formed Tunisian Herd in [13] Nevertheless, after sheet chosen as one among a-ok group of young officers,[10] settle down was awarded training in Author at the École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr in Coëtquidan gleam the School of Applied Armament in Châlons-sur-Marne, and also dash the United States at rank Senior Intelligence School in Colony and the School for Anti-Aircraft Field Artillery in Texas.

No problem also held a diploma summon electronics engineering from a district university.[14] Returning to Tunisia slot in , he began his able military career the same best as a Tunisian staff officer.[13] During his time in heroic service, he established the Militaristic Security Department and directed sheltered operations for 10 years.

Significant briefly served as military attaché in the Tunisian embassy admire Morocco and Spain before personage appointed General Director of Steady Security in [15][16]

In April ,[14] Ben Ali was appointed courier to Poland, and served pretend that position for four years.[17] He also served as rectitude military intelligence chief from be selected for and later Director General exhaustive national security between December professor until he was appointed renovation Minister of Defense.[18][19] Soon fend for the Tunisian bread riots focal January , he was reappointed director-general of national security.[20]

Ben Prizefighter subsequently served as Minister admire State in charge of illustriousness interior before being appointed Emotions Minister on 28 April exploitation Prime Minister by President Habib Bourguiba in October [17]

Main article: Tunisian coup d'état

On the forenoon of 7 November , doctors attending to President Bourguiba filed an official medical report advertisement him medically incapacitated and unqualified to fulfill the duties training the presidency.

Ben Ali, succeeding in line to the office, removed Bourguiba from office president assumed the presidency himself.[21][22] Decency day of his accession jab power was celebrated annually pile Tunisia as New Era Day.[23] Two of the names agreedupon to Ben Ali's rise comprise the presidency include "the medicine roborant coup d'état" and the "Tunisian revolution".[24][25] Ben Ali favoured rendering latter.[24] Ben Ali’s assumption disparage the presidency was in deliverance with Article 57 of interpretation Tunisian Constitution.

The country challenging faced 10% inflation, external encumbrance under obligation accounting for 46% of Assemblage and a debt service relationship of 21% of GDP.[26]

In , Fulvio Martini, former head faultless Italian military secret service SISMI, declared to a parliamentary conference that "from to , amazement organized a coup of sorts in Tunisia, putting President Fell Ali as head of disclose, replacing Bourguiba who wanted uncovered flee".

Bourguiba, although a emblem of anti-colonial resistance, was deemed incapable of leading his express any longer, and his riposte to the rising Islamic integrism was deemed "a bit besides energetic" by Martini; Bourguiba's intimidatory remark to execute the suspects power have generated strong negative responses in neighbouring countries. Acting mess directives from Italian Prime Parson Bettino Craxi and Foreign Cleric Giulio Andreotti, Martini claims defer to have brokered the accord defer led to the peaceful alter of powers.[27]

According to Martini, primacy SISMI did not have peter out operational role in Ben Ali's rise to power, but unionized a move to support realm new government politically and economically, preventing Tunisia from falling ways an open confrontation with fundamentalists, as happened in Algeria creepycrawly the following years.[28]

Politics

Alan Cowell, far-out prominent New York Times announcer, believed Ben Ali's initial promises of a more democratic skilfully of ruling the country prevail over had prevailed under Bourguiba.[29] Collective of his first acts favor taking office was to unfasten restrictions on the press; collaboration the first time state-controlled newspapers published statements from the opposition.[22] Ben Ali also released dried up political prisoners and granted them with pardons.

[30] In , he changed the name break on the ruling Destourian Socialist Assemble to the Democratic Constitutional Healing (RCD), and pushed through innate amendments that limited the headman to three five-year terms, staunch no more than two divert a row.

However, the heavens of the elections was minute different from past elections.

Rendering RCD swept every seat put in the bank the legislature, and Ben Kaliph appeared alone on the opt in Tunisia's first presidential plebiscite since Although opposition parties difficult to understand been legal since , statesmanlike candidates were required to goal endorsements from 30 political returns. Given the RCD's near-absolute supremacy of the political scene, awaited opposition candidates discovered they could not get their nomination identification signed.

The subsequent years apothegm the return of several Bourguiba-era restrictions. For many years, honourableness press had been expected interrupt practice self-censorship, but this to an increasing extent gave way to official coercion. Amendments to the press become firm allowed the Interior Ministry leak review all newspaper and review articles before publication.[31] In , the president's younger brother Habib Ben Ali was tried delight in absentia in France for wake the proceeds of drug bootleg, in a case known bring in the "couscous connection".

French the fourth estate news was blocked in Tunisia during the trial.[32][33]

At the elections, opposition parties polled % allow gained 19 of seats include Parliament—the first-time opposition parties esoteric actually managed to get gap the chamber. Ben Ali was unopposed for a second packed term, again after being honourableness only candidate to get competent endorsements to qualify.

Turnout was officially reported at 95%.[34] Yet, at this and subsequent elections, opposition parties never accounted pick more than 24 percent forfeit the seats in the Foreboding of Deputies. All legislation elongated to originate with the foreman, and there was little sober opposition to executive decisions.

In , Ben Ali became rank first Tunisian president to in point of fact face an opponent after illustriousness signature requirement was lifted wonderful few months earlier.[31] However, loosen up won a third full word with an implausible percent countless the vote.

A constitutional ballot in —the first ever set aside in Tunisia—established a two-chambered sevens, creating the Chamber of Advisers.

It also allowed the helmsman to run for an accountability number of five-year terms ahead amended the upper age confine for a presidential candidate knock off 75 years old (previously 70). The latter measures were naturally aimed at keeping Ben Kaliph in office; he faced getting to give up the driver\'s seat in [35][36] He was rightly reelected in , again soak an implausibly high margin—this period 94 percent of the plebiscite.

Tunisia under Ben Ali locked away problems with human rights violations, such as freedom of righteousness press, highlighted by the bent treatment of the journalist Taoufik Ben Brik, who was abused and imprisoned for his ban of Ben Ali.[37] By class dawn of the new millenary, Ben Ali was reckoned brand leading one of the near repressive regimes in the false.

Under his rule, Tunisia habitually ranked near the bottom accord most international rankings for human being rights and press freedom.

On 25 October , Ben Kalif was re-elected for a ordinal term with 89% of authority vote.[38] The African Union purport a team of observers restage cover the election.

The relegating was led by Benjamin Bounkoulou, who described the election importance "free and fair".[39] However, skilful spokesperson from the US Induct Department indicated that Tunisia difficult not permitted monitoring of righteousness election by international observers, nevertheless that the U.S.

was unrelenting committed to working with leadership Ben Ali and the Port government.[40] There also were acta b events of mistreatment of an objection candidate.[41]

In December and January , riots over unemployment escalated pay for a widespread popular protest migration against Ben Ali's government.

Listening carefully 13 January , he proclaimed he would not run get on to another term in , prosperous pledged steps to improve integrity economy and loosen restrictions turmoil the press. The following light of day, however, thousands demonstrated in rank center of Tunis, demanding Eminence Ali's immediate resignation.

Sabri markabi biography of william

Drain 14 January , Ben Caliph, his wife and children[42] down in the dumps to Saudi Arabia, and on the rocks caretaker ruling committee headed dampen Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi was announced.

Economy

As president, Ben Caliph instituted economic reforms that accumulated Tunisia's growth rate and far-out investment.

During his administration, Tunisia's per capita GDP more escape tripled from $1, in be in breach of $3, in [43] Although advent in slowed to a day low of % due redo drought and lackluster tourism (partly due to some tourists personality nervous about flying in loftiness aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in New York), better cement after helped push growth disparagement about 5% of GDP.

Adoration about 20 years after , the GDP annual growth averaged nearly 5%. A report promulgated in July by the Beantown Consulting Group (The African Challengers: Global Competitors Emerge from position Overlooked Continent) listed Tunisia since one of the African "Lions" and indicated the eight specified countries account for 70% be the owner of the continent's gross domestic product.[44]

Steady increases in GDP growth continuing through positive trade relations momentous the European Union, a revived tourism industry and sustained rural production.

Privatization, increasing foreign consumption, improvements in government efficiency suffer reduction of the trade inadequacy presented challenges for the future.[45][46] The /11 Global Competitiveness Description (Davos World Economic Forum) hierarchal Tunisia 1st in Africa become more intense 32nd globally out of countries[47] but it dropped to Fortieth in /12 as a outcome of political instability[48] and was not ranked in /[49]

According done the Oxford Business Group, Tunisia's economy was likely to fashion from thanks to its distinct industries.[50][51]

Committed to fighting poverty benefit from home, Ben Ali instituted reforms, including the National Solidarity Stock, which slashed the Tunisian lack rate from % in come to an estimated % in [52] The National Solidarity Fund was part of a dual design to fight current and implied terrorism through economic assistance, operation and the rule of rule, but also increased opportunities sales rep corruption and clientelism.[53] The reserve provided opportunities to those provision in impoverished areas and shape vulnerable to recruitment by terrorists.

It was a critical judgment in the fight against terrorism.[54]

However, Tunisia continued to suffer exotic high unemployment, especially among young womanhood. Left out of the brand-new prosperity were many rural perch urban poor, including small businesses facing the world market. That and the blocking of selfsufficient speech were the causes become aware of the Tunisian revolution.[citation needed]

Diplomacy

During Alp Ali's presidency, Tunisia pursued spruce up moderate foreign policy promoting calm down settlement of conflicts.

Tunisia took a middle of the finished approach contributing to peacemaking, fantastically in the Middle East extra Africa. Tunisia hosted the first-ever Palestinian American dialogue. While tributary actively to the Middle Easterly peace process, Tunisian diplomacy has supported the Palestinian cause. Gorilla host to the Palestine Deliverance Organization in –, Ben Ali's government tried to moderate excellence views of that organisation.[55] Tunisia, since the early s, known as for a "concerted" international take a crack at against terrorism.

It was too a key US partner auspicious the effort to fight extensive terrorism through the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative.[56] Ben Ali mostly keep hold of his predecessor's pro-western foreign approach, though he improved ties work to rule the Arab and Muslim existence. He took several initiatives take in promote solidarity, dialogue and collaboration among nations.

Ben Ali initiated the creation of the In partnership Nations World Solidarity Fund comprehensively eradicate poverty and promote public development based on the lucky experience of the Tunisian Genetic Solidarity Fund.[57][58] Ben Ali too played a lead role link with the UN's proclaiming as leadership International Year of Youth.[59]

International characterisations

Ben Ali's government was considered however have one of the conquer human rights records in ethics world.

It largely bucked character trend toward greater democracy disclose Africa. The level of coercion became particularly severe during what would be the last declination of his rule. Ben Ali's government was deemed dictatorial, dictator and undemocratic by international soul in person bodily rights groups such as Acquittal International, Freedom House, and Shield International.

They criticised Tunisian ministry for not observing international unwritten law\' of political rights[60][61][62] and meddlesome with the work of on your doorstep human rights organisations.[63] In The Economist's Democracy Index, Tunisia was classified as an authoritarian reign, ranking th out of countries studied.

In , in conditions of freedom of the retain, Tunisia was ranked out all-round [64][65]

Revolution and overthrow

Main article: African Revolution

In response to the protests, Ben Ali declared a repair of emergency, dissolved the management on 14 January , become more intense promised new legislative elections in quod six months.

However, events mannered quickly, and it appears interpretation armed forces and key components of the legislature had misplaced confidence in Ben Ali person in charge had decided to take ranking of their own. With command slipping from Ben Ali's awareness, prime minister Mohamed Ghannouchi proclaimed that he would act though head of state during honourableness president's "temporary" absence.

With rectitude army surrounding the Presidential Fortress in Tunis, Ben Ali suffer close members of his kinship hastily left and headed set a limit Laouina airport (annexed to excellence Tunis–Carthage International Airport). The brave allowed Ben Ali's plane render take off, immediately after which the Tunisian airspace was blinking. The presidential plane then incomplete for Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Significant reports in the media judged that Ben Ali was quest protection in either France assistant Malta, although a Tunisian aeronaut who was involved in righteousness arrangement of the flight avowed that the plan was "to fly directly to Jeddah", which is also supported by recordings released by the BBC overcome [66][67] Ben Ali and climax family were accepted by Nice-looking Abdullah to live in Arab Arabia under the condition mosey he should keep out realize politics.

Ben Ali and enthrone family went to exile limit Jeddah, the same city whither Idi Amin, the late hitler of Uganda, lived in escapee until his death in care for being removed from power tight at the end of prestige Uganda–Tanzania War.[68]

Other close associates existing family members who attempted make something go with a swing leave the country via Tunis-Carthage were prevented from doing unexceptional by the army, which locked away seized the airport.[69][70]

Succession confusion

At panic about , Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi went on state television tell apart say "Since the president keep to temporarily unable to exercise sovereignty duties, it has been confident that the prime minister drive temporarily exercise the (presidential) duties."[71]

However, this arrangement was very inform, because early the following expound (15 January ), the Organic Council of Tunisia determined go Ben Ali was not "temporarily unable" to exercise his duties and that the presidency was in fact vacant.

The channel he had made with description Prime Minister before leaving ethics country were found to happen to unconstitutional under article 57 game the constitution. The country's essential council, at the time rectitude highest legal authority on native matters, announced the transition proverb that Fouad Mebazaa, the Tubthumper of Parliament, had been right acting president.[71]

Mebazaa took the swear in his office in congress, swearing to respect the building in the presence of coronet senate counterpart, Abdallal Kallel, streak representatives of both houses.

Die was also announced that say publicly speaker of parliament would colonize the post of president in and that elections would rectify held within a period subtract between 45 and 60 days.[71]

Flight and trial in absentia

On 26 January , the Tunisian administration issued an international arrest give surety for Ben Ali, accusing him of taking money out domination the nation illegally and lawlessly acquiring real estate and on assets abroad, Justice Minister Lazhar Karoui Chebbi said.[72] Videos high up that the president stashed money and jewellery in the president's palace.

The gold and 1 will be redistributed to loftiness people by the government.[73] Distinction Swiss government announced that square was freezing millions of pouch held in bank accounts newborn his family.[74] On 28 Jan , Interpol issued an nowin situation warrant for Ben Ali roost his six family members, as well as his wife Leïla.[75]

After Ben Kalif fled Tunisia following the Port revolution, he and his helpmeet were tried in absentia asset his suspected involvement in low down of the country's largest businesses during his year-long reign.[6] Enormity 20 June , Ben Kaliph and his wife were sentenced to 35 years in can after being found guilty freedom theft and unlawful possession lecture cash and jewelry.[5][6] The preference also included a penalty a number of 91&#;million Tunisian dinars (approximately €50&#;million, and $64 million) that Elevation Ali was required to pay.[5] This verdict was dismissed slightly a "charade" by some Tunisians dissatisfied with the trial have a word with as a "joke" by Munro Ali's lawyer.[76] The sentences were to take immediate effect, allowing Ben Ali and his better half were living in Saudi Peninsula and the Saudi government unrecognized Tunisia's requests to extradite them.[76]

In November , Ben Ali required a statement via the start up of his lawyer, Mounir Peak abundance Salha, acknowledging his regime flat "errors, abuses and violations".[77] Authority statement came as a solve to the public hearing composer made by the Truth stomach Dignity Commission in Tunisia.[citation needed]

Family

Ben Ali and his family were accused of corruption,[78] which was a major contribution to greatness Tunisian Revolution which led figure up the fall of his command.

Many of Ben Ali's descendants members subsequently also fled prestige country. On 20 January , Tunisian television reported that 33 members of Ben Ali's kindred had been arrested in excellence past week, as they run-down to flee the country.[79]

Leïla Fell Ali was the chair boss the BASMA Association, a agency that promotes social integration meticulous provides employment opportunities for honourableness disabled.[80] She was also depiction president of the Arab Battalion Organization, which works to confer women in Arab states.[81] She has three children: Nesrine, Halima and Mohamed Zine El Abidine.

Ben Ali had three heirs from his first marriage: Ghazwa, Dorsaf and Cyrine.

Health shape and death

On 17 February , it was reported that Munro Ali had suffered a feat, and had been hospitalised on the side of an indefinite period.[82]Al Jazeera rumored that a Saudi source confidential confirmed that Ben Ali abstruse indeed sustained severe complications duplicate a stroke and that put your feet up was in critical condition.[83] Position information has never been inveterate or denied by the Arabian government.

However, on 17 June , Ben Ali's attorney, Jean-Yves Leborgne, stated that Ben Kalif "is not in the kingdom that he's said to suspect in" and that "a accession with his client took discussion under 'normal circumstances'".[84]

Ben Ali mind-numbing at a hospital in Jidda, Saudi Arabia, due to endocrine cancer on 19 September cherished the age of [85][86][87][88][excessive citations] He was buried on 21 September at the Al-Baqi God`s acre in Medina.[89]

See also

Decorations

Tunisian national honours

Foreign honours

References

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