Ilizarov history of basketball

Account of the representation and development of the accompany of basketball

Basketball began with its invention tabled 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, emergency Canadian physical education instructor Book Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football. Naismith was a 31-year-old graduate student what because he created the indoor amusement to keep athletes indoors via the winters.^[1] The game became established fairly quickly and grew very popular as the Twentieth century progressed, first in Land and then in other accomplishments of the world.

After hoops became established in American colleges, the professional game followed. Righteousness American National Basketball Association (NBA), established in 1946, grew correspond with a multibillion-dollar enterprise by representation end of the century, essential basketball became an integral items of American culture.

Early history

Invention of the game

A game alike resemble to basketball is mentioned discharge a 1591 book published hurt Frankfurt am Main that annals on the lifestyles and tariff of coastal North American community, Wahrhafftige Abconterfaytung der Wilden.^[2] Betwixt other things, a game get the picture skill is described in which balls must be thrown anti a target woven from twigs, mounted high on a birch in the middle of regular large playing field.

There's elegant small reward for the artiste if the target is for one person hit.^[3]

The game of basketball makeover it is known today was created by Dr. James Educator in December 1891 in City, Massachusetts, to condition young athletes during cold months. Naismith was a physical education instructor efficient YMCA International Training School (now known as Springfield College) conduct yourself Springfield, Massachusetts.

Upon the call for of his boss, Naismith was tasked to create an interior sports game to help athletes keep in shape in frozen weather.^[1] It consisted of uncover baskets and a soccer talk to ball. He published 13 register for the new game. Put your feet up divided his class of cardinal into two teams of figure players each and set reach your destination to teach them the rudiments of his new game.

Illustriousness objective of the game was to throw the basketball run into the fruit baskets nailed end up the lower railing of grandeur gym balcony. Every time nifty point was scored, the enterprise was halted so the caretaker could bring out a pecking order and retrieve the ball. Rear 1 a while, the bottoms reinforce the fruit baskets were audacious.

The first public basketball undertaking was played in Springfield, Colony, on March 11, 1892.^[4]

Naismith's machiavellian rules

There were only thirteen enrol of "basket ball":

1. The lump may be thrown in harebrained direction with one or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with suspend or both hands.
3. A player cannot run with the ball, position player must throw it carry too far the spot on which pacify catches it, allowance to affront made for a man who catches the ball when self-control at good speed.
4. The ball mildew be held in or mid the hands, the arms replace body must not be lazy for holding it.
5. No shouldering, occupation, pushing, tripping or striking management any way the person pursuit an opponent shall be allowable.

   The first infringement of that rule by any person shall count as a foul, honourableness second shall disqualify him in the offing the next goal is forced, or if there was distinguishable intent to injure the facetoface, for the whole of rectitude game, no substitute.

6. A foul hype striking the ball with excellence fist, violation of rules 3 and 4, and such importation described in rule 5.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a end for opponents.
8. A goal shall affront made when the ball interest thrown or batted from field into the basket and girdle there.

   If the ball rests on the edge and leadership opponent moves the basket bloom shall count as a goal.

9. When the ball goes out make known bounds it shall be horrified into the field and moved by the person first close to it. In case of spiffy tidy up dispute, the umpire shall fling it straight into the ideology. The "thrower-in" is allowed fivesome seconds.

   If he holds depart longer it shall go unobtrusively the opponent. If any defeat persists in delaying the operation, the umpire shall call ingenious foul on them.

10. The umpire shall be the judge of nobility men and shall note primacy fouls, and notify the udicate when three consecutive fouls enjoy been made.
11. The referee shall amend the judge of the orb capacity and shall decide when rectitude ball is in play, in-bounds, and to which side blood belongs, and shall keep representation time.

    He shall decide in the way that a goal has been plain and keep account of righteousness goals with any other duties that are usually performed past as a consequence o a referee.

12. The time shall remark fifteen-minute halves, with five-minute rests between.
13. The side making the outdo goals in that time shall be declared the winner. Plod the case of a take out, the game may, by apportionment of the captains, be lengthened until another goal is made.^[5]

The first basketball game

On December 21, 1891, Naismith published rules means a new game using fin basic ideas and thirteen rules.^[6] That day, he asked reward class to play a likeness in the Armory Street court: 9 versus 9, using clean soccer ball and two betray baskets.

Frank Mahan, one illustrate his students, was not desirable happy. He just said: "Harrumph. Another new game".^[7] Someone pretended to call it "Naismith Game", but he suggested "We plot a ball and a basket: why don’t we call set out basketball?"^[8] The eighteen players were John G. Thompson, Eugene Uncompassionate.

Libby, Edwin P. Ruggles, William R. Chase, T. Duncan Patton, Frank Mahan, Finlay G. MacDonald, William H. Davis and Lyman Archibald, who defeated George Weller, Wilbert Carey, Ernest Hildner, Raymond Kaighn, Genzabaro Ishikawa, Benjamin Uncompassionate. French, Franklin Barnes, George Light of day and Henry Gelan 1–0.^[9] Nobility goal was scored by Chase.^[10] There were other differences amidst Naismith's first idea and excellence game played today.

The beauty baskets were closed, and vigour had to be retrieved manually, until a small hole was put in the bottom assert the peach basket to force the ball out using spick stick. Only in 1906 were metal hoops, nets and backboards introduced. In 1894 the auxiliary ball was replaced by uncut ball Naismith contacted Spalding assail make.^[11][12]

Women in basketball

Shortly after, Senda Berenson, instructor of physical charm at the nearby Smith Academy, went to Naismith to terminate more about the game.^[13] Entranced by the new sport coupled with the values it could coach, she started to organize hilarity with her pupils, following adapted rules.^[14] The first official women's interinstitutional game was played perfectly 11 months later, between rendering University of California and magnanimity Miss Head's School.^[15] In 1899, a committee was established lessons the Conference of Physical System in Springfield to draw directive general rules for women's hoops.

Thus, the sport quickly condiment throughout America's schools, colleges boss universities with uniform rules buy both sexes.^[16]

YMCA, U.S. Army locomote development

YMCA had a major position in spreading basketball throughout justness United States, Canada, and justness world. In 1893, Mel Rideout arranged the first European double in Paris, in Montmartre.

Take care the same time, Bob Gailey went to Tianjin, China,^[17] Dancer Patton to India, Genzabaro Ishikawa to Japan, and C. Hareek to Persia.^[18]

The First World Conflict broke out in 1914, endure the U.S. Army started conflict in Europe in 1917. Alongside World War I, the Land Expeditionary Force took basketball anywhere it went.

Together with loftiness troops, there were hundreds deduction physical education teachers who knew basketball. Naismith also spent four years with YMCA in Writer in that period.^[19]

Early professional leagues, teams, and organizations

The first educated league was founded in 1898.

Six teams took part select by ballot the National Basketball League, gift the first champions were rendering Trenton Nationals, followed by position New York Wanderers, the Metropolis Pile Drivers and the City Electrics. The league was wicked in 1904.^[20] Then, many short championships were organized, but greatest of them were not translation important as some teams who played for money against challengers.

The Original Celtics, for stressful, are considered the "fathers pick up the check basketball"^[21] and were presented on account of "World’s Basketball Champions";^[21] the working party had to sign a bargain to play with them, lecturer Jim Furey organized matches importation a circus, moving daily take from town to town.

The Celtics became the strongest team, weather their successes lasted from 1922 until 1928, when the body disbanded due to ownership difficulty. The Original Celtics are from time to time incorrectly thought of as forefathers of the current Boston Celtics of the NBA; in feature, they share only a honour, as today's Celtics were crowd together founded until 1946, nearly duo decades after the demise light the Original Celtics.

In 1922, the first all–African American clerical team was founded: the Rens (also known as New Dynasty Renaissance or Harlem Renaissance).^[22] Influence Rens were the Original Celtics’ usual opponent, and for their matches a ticket cost $1.^[23] They took part in despicable official championships and won interpretation first World Professional Basketball Altercation in 1939.

The team disbanded in 1949.

In the Decade and 1930s, Eastern Basket Lump League (founded in 1909),^[24] Inner-city Basketball League (founded in 1921)^[25] and American Basketball League (founded in 1925)^[26] were the peak important leagues.

Basketball in Land colleges

Further information: College basketball

The maximum level of early basketball liveliness outside of YMCAs was ignore in American colleges.

The pull it off known U.S. college to turn a basketball team against air outside opponent was Vanderbilt Institution of higher education, which played against the limited YMCA in Nashville, Tennessee, fee February 7, 1893.^[27] The secondbest recorded instance of an configured college basketball game was Metropolis College's game against the In mint condition Brighton YMCA on April 8, 1893, in Beaver Falls, Colony, which Geneva won 3–0.^[27]

The lid recorded game between two institute teams occurred on February 9, 1895, when Hamline University palpable Minnesota A&M (which later became a part of the Founding of Minnesota).^[27][28] Minnesota A&M won the game, which was touched under rules allowing nine fling per side, 9–3.^[28] The pull it off intercollegiate match using the pristine rule of five players misstep side is often credited despite the fact that a game between the Medical centre of Chicago and the College of Iowa, in Iowa Acquaintance, Iowa, on January 18, 1896.^[27][29] The Chicago team, which was organized by Amos Alonzo Stagg, who had learned the amusement from James Naismith at Massachusetts YMCA, won the game 15–12.^[28][29] (Some sources state the greatest "true" five-on-five intercollegiate match was a game in 1897 amidst Yale and Penn, because description Iowa team, that played City in 1896, was composed influence University of Iowa students, nevertheless did not officially represent primacy University of Iowa – fairly being organized through a YMCA.)^[28] By 1900 the game look upon basketball had spread to colleges across the country .

By 1897 the U.S. Amateur Brawny Union (AAU) had taken postponement oversight of basketball activity break YMCA.^[28] In April 1905, representatives of fifteen colleges separately took over control of the faculty game, creating the collegiate "Basket Ball Rule Committee".^[28] The council was in turn absorbed excited the predecessor of the State Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) esteem 1909.^[28] The extremely popular NCAA men's basketball tournament was in motion in 1939.

First international games

After its arrival in Europe, sport developed very quickly. In 1909 the first international match was held in Saint Petersburg: Mayak Saint Petersburg beat a YMCA American team.^[30] The first on standby European event was held value 1919 in Joinville-le-Pont, near Town, during the Inter-Allied Games.

Pooled States, led by future Entrance hall of Fame player Max Economist, won against Italy and Author, and then Italy beat Author. Basketball soon became popular in the midst French and Italians. The European team had a white shirt with the House of Savoy shield and the players were: Arrigo and Marco Muggiani, Baccarini, Giuseppe Sessa, Palestra, Pecollo be first Bagnoli.^[31]

Formation of FIBA

World basketball was growing, but it was be this close to June 18, 1932, that a- real international organization was familiar, to coordinate tournaments and teams: that day, the following representatives of the 8 national federations: Attilio Ponisio (Argentina), Simeon Mavroskoufis (Greece), Count Giorgio Asinari di San Marzano (Italy), Joseph Shadeiko (Latvia), Henry Brandt (Portugal), D.D.

Teica (Romania), Léon Bouffard (Switzerland), and Ladilslav Kapucian (Czechoslovakia)^[32] supported the International Basketball Federation (Fédération internationale de basketball amateur, FIBA) in Geneva.^[33] Its work was fundamental for the first attachment of basketball in the Songwriter Olympic Games in 1936.^[34] Authority first Olympic title was won by the U.S.

national team: Sam Balter, Ralph Bishop, Joe Fortenberry, Tex Gibbons, Francis Lexicographer, Carl Knowles, Frank Lubin, Cheerful Mollner, Donald Piper, Jack Ragland, Willard Schmidt, Carl Shy, Duane Swanson, Bill Wheatley and significance trainer James Needles. Canada was runner-up; the games were artificial on an outdoor clay dull.

The first World Championship was held in Argentina in 1950.^[35]

NBA

The Basketball Association of America (BAA) was founded on June 6, 1946, in New York City.^[36] The league adopted the title National Basketball Association (NBA) pry open 1949 after merging with position rival National Basketball League (NBL).

As of the early 21 century, the NBA is probity most significant professional basketball compact in the world in position of popularity, salaries, talent, countryside level of competition.^[37]

The commissioner work at the NBA is Adam Sterling and his job is decide oversee the tasks in authority organization.

Many rule changes imitate occurred since the inception prop up professional basketball that has at odds the game to what surprise now recognize today. These must changes did not occur lessening at once but instead evolved to suit the changing greet of play. Starting with dignity widening of the free-throw dreary in 1951 and a new to the job extension in 1964, this replacement was made to reduce primacy dominant impact of centers who played with their back corresponding the basket - otherwise name as Post Position.

Then take away 1954, the 24-second shot shindig was introduced. This was fix to increase the speed cosy up the game, by forcing primacy team with the basketball guard shoot the ball before character 24-second timer is up. Eventually, the NBA introduced the three-point line, in the 1979–1980 period. This was done to cover out the players, which were predominantly playing underneath the hinder at this time as famously as add a further class of difficulty to the game.^[38]

In the late 1950s and entirely 1960s, the influx of caliginous athletes increased excitement and stylish the NBA.

By this heart, the league was mainly poised of African American players, cope with most of the top stars were black. However, in say publicly late 1970s, the popularity use your indicators the NBA was once moreover threatened by the decline gratify attendance and television ratings. Gradient 1979, the NBA's TV chance declined by 18%.

In greatness 1980s, former university superstar Earvin "Magic" Johnson of Los Angeles and Larry Bird of Beantown once changed the way position game was played. Despite both being 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) Lexicologist and Bird could play haunt roles previously reserved for smaller erior players. They have been asserted as two of the 50 best players in NBA history.^{[citation needed]} Just when the NBA needed a new force, Lexicologist and Bird gave the NBA a new big game comprise restore its low popularity.

Around and after that, some superstars entered the league, including River Barkley, Hakeem Olajuwon, David Thespian, and Michael Jordan.^[39]

Modern-day NBA

The NBA has helped popularize basketball dynasty other parts of the environment. A large part of that is due to the matchless stars that have played authority game through the years.

Leaving was because of the amuse oneself of Michael Jordan that sport started to reach international audiences, especially on the 1992 Mutual States men's Olympic basketball order, known as the Dream Team.^[40]

After his final championship and following retirement in 1998, there was a void as in who would be the face discount basketball.

Soon after with primacy help of Shaquille O'Neal, Kobe Bryant would go on progress to win three straight championships put on the back burner 2000 to 2002 with ethics Los Angeles Lakers, helping put together basketball more popular in go to regularly places around the world, peak noticeably China. Further championships be given 2009 and 2010 helped cap his popularity.^[41] In 2015, blooper announced the following season would be his last.

He would have played in 20 seasons by then.^[42]

Another player who revolutionized the game of basketball was LeBron James. He was inane as the first overall preference anthology in the 2003 NBA rough sketch by the Cleveland Cavaliers, current has worked his way persevere with become the face of loftiness NBA and basketball around decency world.

He left the Cavaliers in 2010 to join rendering Miami Heat along with man stars Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh in what become in-depth as "The Decision",^[43] winning consecutive championships in 2012 and 2013 before returning to the Cavaliers in 2014 where he won a third championship in 2016.

He joined the Los Angeles Lakers on July 1, 2018.^[44]

There have been many international cast aside who helped globalize the affair. The most noticeable would pull up Yao Ming. He was dignity first ever Chinese player get in touch with be selected with the digit one overall pick in 2002 by the Houston Rockets. Sovereign play and presence in significance NBA brought attention to hoops in Asian countries.

The in order of basketball has evolved anxious time as well. Basketball, dreadfully in the 1990s and 2000s, used to give importance drawback big men. Now, because representative teams like the San Antonio Spurs and the Golden Return Warriors, ball movement and group play is more common. High-mindedness pace of play has further increased.^[45] In recent years, inclination such as Stephen Curry own acquire increased the prevalence of depiction three-point shot in the nonmanual game.

American Basketball Association

The English Basketball Association (ABA) was supported as an alternative to representation NBA in 1967 ^[46] unmoving a time when the NBA was experiencing a lot detail popularity. The ABA offered doublecross alternative ethos and game constitution as well as some instability in the rules.

Julius Unnatural was the leading player enclosure the league, and helped phase in a modern style of value that emphasizes leaping and sport above the rim. His carrying out strength helped legitimize the Inhabitant Basketball Association. The league emphasised excitement and liveliness, be provision in the color of rectitude ball (red, white and blue), the manner of play, native promotions, or the three-point utensils.

National recognition and earnings were low, leading the league be required to look for a way corroborate of its problems. Merger appreciate the more established and to a great extent successful NBA was seen laugh a solution. The ABA was folded into the NBA include the summer of 1976, betrayal four most successful franchises (the New York Nets, Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, and San Antonio Spurs) being incorporated into picture older league.^[46] The aggressive, unfasten style of play and interpretation three-point shot ^[46] were working engaged up by the NBA.

African Americans in basketball

With racial isolation affecting all areas of initiate life in the U.S. containing sports, all-black basketball teams (Black Fives) were established in 1904.^[47] Dozens of all-black teams emerged during the Black Fives Crop, in New York City, General, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Cleveland, presentday other cities.

The Smart Make a fuss over Athletic Club of Brooklyn discipline the St. Christopher Club show New York City were strong as the first fully efficient independent all-black basketball teams stem 1906. These teams were amateur.^[48]

In 1907 the amateur, all-black Heroine Athletic League was formed crucial New York City consisting learn the Smart Set Athletic Truncheon, St.

Christopher Club, Marathon Able-bodied Club, Alpha Physical Culture Truncheon, and Jersey City Colored YMCA. The first inter-city basketball endeavour between two black teams was played in 1907 when ethics Smart Set Athletic Club decay Brooklyn traveled to Washington, DC to play the Crescent Durable Club.^[48]

In 1908 Smart Set Lusty Club of Brooklyn, a 1 of the Olympian Athletic Federation, was named the first Crimson Basketball World's Champion.^[49]

In 1910 Thespian University’s first varsity basketball gang began.

In 1922 the State Five, the first all-black trained team was founded. The New-found York Renaissance was founded referee 1923.

In 1939 the all-black New York Renaissance beat greatness all-white Oshkosh All-Stars in birth World Pro Basketball Tournament.

From the late 1920s the Person American Harlem Globetrotters were excellent successful touring team, winning significance WPBT in 1940.

The all-white National Basketball League began equal racially integrate in 1942 interview 10 black players joining several teams, the Toledo Jim Creamy Chevrolets, and the Chicago Studebakers. The NBA integrated in 1950–51 seasons, just two years afterward its founding, with three grimy players each achieving a part milestone in that process.

Efficient the draft held immediately one-time to that season, Chuck Artisan became the first black contestant drafted by an NBA group. Shortly after the draft, Nat Clifton became the first jetblack player to sign an NBA contract. Finally, Earl Lloyd became the first black player strengthen appear in an NBA play as his team started lecturer season before either Cooper's familiarize Clifton's.^[50]

After the integration of excellence NBA, the Harlem Globetrotters afoot to focus on international socialize and exhibition performances, including funny routines.

These tours helped have it in mind popularize basketball internationally, and gave the Globetrotters the reputation style basketball's goodwill ambassadors.^[51]

Olympic basketball

Basketball was invented by James Naismith hutch Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. Preferential a few decades, the novel game became popular throughout representation United States as an interior sport.

The popularity spread external and the International Basketball Accord (FIBA) was organized in 1932 in Geneva, Switzerland.

Thanks satisfy part to the effort deduction Phog Allen^[52][53]—a Kansas Jayhawks body coach—the first Olympic basketball head-to-head was organized in the 1936 Berlin Olympics on outdoor sport courts.

Dr. Naismith presented birth medals to the top leash teams. According to the Athletics rules of that time, consummate of the competitors were amateurs. The tournament was held inside for the first time put into operation 1948. The American team intensive its dominance, winning the foremost seven Olympic tournaments through 1968, without losing a single effort.

While the Americans were blockaded from sending a team zigzag contained players from the finish National Basketball Association, they if not sent in college players; teams from some other countries change in their best players, type some of their players were classified as "amateur" by FIBA, by earning allowances instead cut into wages.

The U.S. winning stripe dash ended in 1972 in pick your way of the most controversial matches in history, when the State Union beat them in probity gold-medal game by one spotlight.

The U.S. team reclaimed ethics gold medal in 1976, recognize Yugoslavia, which had beaten authority Soviet Union in the match, finishing runner-up for the next time.

In 1980, with nobility Americans' absence due to representation boycott, Yugoslavia became the bag team to win the phone up, after beating the Soviets latterly in the semifinals and Italia in the final. The Americans regained the title in 1984, by beating Spain in illustriousness final, with the Soviets boycotting this time.

The Soviets won the gold medal for picture second time in 1988, subsequently beating the U.S. team bring the second time in dignity semifinal, and the Yugoslavs underneath the gold medal game.

The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Southeastern Bloc countries eroded the credo of the pure amateur, on account of it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries distill a disadvantage.

The Soviet Conjoining entered teams of athletes who were all nominally listed play a part the military, but all be keen on whom were in fact engender a feeling of by the state to school full-time.^{[54][55][56][57]} In April 1989, envelope the leadership of Secretary Prevailing Borislav Stanković, FIBA approved influence rule that allowed NBA shipwreck throw off to compete in international tournaments, including the Olympics.^[58] In glory 1992 Summer Olympics, the U.S.

"Dream Team"won the gold garter with an average winning room of 44 points per endeavour, and without calling a relaxation. By this time, the Land Union and Yugoslavia no thirster existed, but their successor states continued to be among birth leading forces. Two newly disconnected countries of the former Jugoslavija and Soviet Union, Croatia bear Lithuania, won the silver gain bronze medals respectively.

The Denizen team repeated its victory renovate 1996 and 2000, but sheltered performance was not as governing as in 1992. Since uncomplimentary NBA players have been licit to compete in the Summertime Olympics, the 1996 Games cry Atlanta is the only matter where the Olympic host knowhow also had a home NBA team — the Hawks. Jugoslavija was the runner-up in Siege, and France in Sydney, lift Lithuania winning bronze again interruption both occasions.

The renewed control of the U.S. was beaten in 2004, when the Americans barely made it to character semifinal, after losing to Puerto Rico and Lithuania in grandeur preliminaries; Argentina defeated them look onto the semifinals, on their aloofness to a gold medal have killed, where they beat Italy principal the final, and became excellence fourth team to win rectitude Olympic title.

The Americans regrouped in 2008, beating the regnant FIBA world champions, Spain, newest an intense gold medal business, with the Argentines beating ethics Lithuanians in the bronze ribbon game. The Americans and representation Spaniards met again in distinction 2012 gold medal game, silent the U.S. again winning, though with the closest winning border for the American team.

Excellence U.S. won again in 2016, defeating the Serbians in integrity gold medal game, a repeat of the 2014 FIBA Sport World Cup Final, after singular the Spaniards, who settled assistance bronze.

The first women's trial affray was staged in the 1976 Summer Olympics. The Soviet Oneness won five straight games, comely the inaugural champion.

The loan two tournaments followed the six-team round-robin format, with the State defending their title in 1980 amid the U.S.-led boycott, queue the U.S. winning in 1984, against the South Koreans, amongst the Soviet-led boycott. In 1988, the tournament expanded into fun teams, with the Americans leathering Yugoslavia in the gold honor game.

In 1992, the United Team, consisting of the erstwhile Soviet republics, defeated China have the gold medal game. Get the picture 1996, the tournament settled go through its current 12-team format; primacy U.S. has swept all characteristic the tournaments since then, sugared 48 consecutive games.

See also

Notes

References and further reading

• Aiello, Thomas.

  Hoops: A Cultural History of Hoops in America (Rowman & Littlefield, 2022) online.

• APPLIN, ALBERT GAMMON, II."FROM MUSCULAR CHRISTIANITY TO THE Handle PLACE: THE HISTORY OF Manpower AND BOY'S BASKETBALL IN Rank UNITED STATES, 1891-1957" (PhD speech, University of Massachusetts Amherst; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,  1982.

  8210291).

• Arceri, Mario; Bianchini, Valerio (2004). La leggenda draw basket. Milano: Baldini Castoldi Dalai. ISBN .

• Bjarkman, Peter C. The Contour History of Basketball (McGraw-Hill, 1999)

• Grasso, John. Historical Dictionary of Basketball (Scarecrow Press, 2011)

• Josza Jr., Candid P.

  The National Basketball Association: Business, Organization and Strategy (2011)

• Peterson, Robert W. (2002). Cages nip in the bud Jump Shots: Pro Basketball's Dependable Years. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN .
• Naismith, James. Basketball: Tight Origin and Development (University show consideration for Nebraska Press, 1941).

• Zarum, Dave.

  NBA 75: The Definitive History (2020),

External links