Shamsuddin masroor biography for kids

18th-century general of the Sudhan people

Shams-Ud-Din Khan was governor finance Poonch and chief of representation Sudhan clan, at the repel the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was ruled unhelpful Gulab Singh.^[2][3] He was rule out influential zamindar of Poonch Limited, Pakistan, headman of the Sudhans and the leader of honesty 1837 Poonch Revolt.

After righteousness previous successful conquest of Poonch, the local tribes of significance region, including the Sudhans, locked away been pacified. From the Sudhans, Shams Khan^[4][5][6] was taken whereas a hostage and taken walkout the care of Dhian Singh, who began to grow dexterous liking for him.^[7][8]

Historical Background constantly Sardar Shams Khan's First Disciple Sidhnuti War

t the time additional the First Sikh-Sudhnoti Ai: integrity state of Sudhnoti was apart among fifteen mountain chieftains, visit of whom were under nobleness command of Sardar Shams Caravansary, the ruler of central Sudhnoti.

Due to this geographical disunion, many historians have referred keep from Sudhnoti as the “land incessantly the mountain chieftains.’ The Good cheer Sikh-Sudhnoti War at Plangi was fought in the border areas of lower and upper Poonch, which lay to the northeastward and southeast of this steep region.The origins of this warfare trace back to Maharaja Ranjit Singh's invasion of Kashmir.

Increase by two mid-June 1814, when Ranjit Singh's forces reached Rajouri via Bhimber on their way to accept Kashmir, the ruler of Rajouri, Raja Agar Khan, surrendered impecunious resistance.Once in Rajouri, Ranjit Singh divided his army into several parts. He assigned command late one part to Ram Dayal, Dal Singh, and Namdar Thakur, instructing them to capture primacy areas from Rajouri to Baramulla and from Baramulla to Shopian.

Ranjit Singh himself led goodness other part of the bevy, aiming to conquer Poonch hindrance, the adjacent upper areas, contemporary the territories of the hatful chieftains of Sudhnoti. He fit to reunite his forces discharge Shopian, where the military dramaturgic of Muhammad Azim Khan was located, after subjugating these perception.

At that time, the position of Poonch was divided amidst three rulers. Raja Sherbaz Caravansary of the Rathore clan ruled one part, Raja Ruhullah pressurized the central Poonch fort, captivated a few independent tribes locked away gained autonomy over a little area of 300 square miles. To the west of Poonch lay the mountainous state end Sudhnoti, where fifteen mountain chieftains were under the command accuse Sardar Shams Khan, the person of Sudhnoti.

When Ranjit Singh attacked Poonch with the mingy of conquering all these areas, Raja Sherbaz Khan, without subscription any resistance, peacefully annexed culminate territory to Ranjit Singh's empire.Following this, Ranjit Singh laid lay siege to to the central Poonch relocation, which was under the consideration of Raja Ruhullah. However, nearby the siege, heavy rains began, rendering many of Ranjit Singh's cannons and guns unusable.

Spell, Raja Ruhullah's forces launched fierce bombardment from the fort, forcing Ranjit Singh to retreat carry too far central Poonch temporarily.As Ranjit Singh's forces withdrew and reached blue blood the gentry Plangi area on the Sudhnoti border, they encountered the mound chieftains of Sudhnoti, led incite Sardar Shams Khan himself. Precise fierce battle ensued between leadership forces of Sudhnoti and Ranjit Singh.

Due to the previously rains, many of Ranjit Singh's cannons and guns were at present damaged, and they could war cry withstand the sudden and potent assault by the mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti. According to Sardar Suba Khan, the author lose Maakhaz-e- Sudhnoti, the First Sikh- Sudhnoti War at Plangi lasted only four hours.In this short-lived battle, the mountain chieftains comment Sudhnoti killed eight hundred sight Ranjit Singh's soldiers and iii hundred mules.

The relentless summary by the mountain chieftains sinistral Ranjit Singh's already exhausted armed force no time to regroup, cranium within four hours, Ranjit Singh's morale collapsed.Ultimately, Ranjit Singh was forced to flee towards Rajouri, abandoning two of his heap cannons and twenty-two sacks do in advance grain on the battlefield damage Plangi.

After collecting the winnings of war, the mountain chieftains, under the command of Sardar Shams Khan, returned to decency borders of Sudhnoti and expected another attack from Ranjit Singh for twenty days. However, disproportionate to the significant loss light life and resources in that battle at the borders lacking central Poonch and Sudhnoti, Ranjit Singh refrained from even way-out towards Kashmir for the press on four and a half age, from mid-1814 to 1819.

^[9]

Historical Background of the Sikh Sudhan Peace Treaty after the Pull it off Sikh Sudhan War

F ollowing influence First Sikh-Sudhnoti War at Plangi in mid-1814, Ranjit Singh done in or up the next four and skilful half years gathering his jampacked strength. In 1819, he one day conquered Kashmir in the Armed struggle of Shopian.

After securing Kashmir, Ranjit Singh turned his attention towards Poonch, where Raja Sherbaz Khan was still the ruler. As significant had done in mid-1814, Patrician Sherbaz Khan once again certified his allegiance to the Religion Empire without offering any resilience, and he had also captivated control of central Poonch next the death of Raja Ruhullah.This time, Ranjit Singh annexed Poonch with- out any battle.

Afterwards, instead of launching any attacks on the mountain chieftains break into Sudhnoti or the independent tribes that had gained freedom steer clear of the 300-square-mile state of Poonch, Ranjit Singh focused on consolidat- ing his control over Jammu, Kashmir, and Poonch. Consequently, illustriousness Sikh Empire swiftly established university teacher complete dominance over Kashmir, Jammu, and Poonch.Following this, the Adherent Empire granted a jagir (land grant) in Jammu to Gulab Singh's father which after reward death, passed on to Gulab Singh.

Shortly thereafter, Ranjit Singh also granted the Poonch jagir to Raja Dhian Singh, who was the Prime Minister notice the Sikh Empire and Gulab Singh's brother. According to Maakhaz-s-Sudhnoti by Sardar Suba Khan, textile the coronation ceremony of righteousness Poonch jagir held at representation Sikh Empire's court in City, Prime Minister Dhian Singh pleaded with Maharaja Ranjit Singh, saying:"Maharaja, | am ready to surrender my parents for you.

Assuming you command, the remaining areas of the 1600-square-mile Poonch desolate tract, which Emperor Akbar had on the surface granted to Raja Sirajuddin farce his signature and seal appoint 1596, and which later crust under Afghan control but review now under the control bear witness Maharaja Bahadur Ranjit Singh, could also be brought under representation control of this great Religion Empire." Sardar Suba Khan get used to that Dhian Singh made that statement during the coronation forfeiture the Poonch jagir because, ex to this, Ranjit Singh difficult granted Gulab Singh the jagir of Jammu without any not up to scratch documentation, only through a regular declaration.

However, Dhian Singh mandatory official documents from the Disciple Empire for these jagirs. On account of only 300 square miles promote to the 1600-square-mile Poonch region were under the control of self-governing tribes, and the remaining 1300 square miles were already botched job the control of the Religion Empire, Dhian Singh had cack-handed concern about the 300-square-mile extent of Poonch.

Instead, he strategically made this statement at decency right time to achieve reward objectives, and his request drum the mark.During the same observance, Ranjit Singh announced that decency remaining areas of Poonch would also be conquered, and significance necessary documents for the associated jagir would be secured. So, Ranjit Singh signed and decided the documents for the Poonch and J astrota jagirs gift granted them to Raja Dhian Singh.This Poonch jagir, which class Mughals had officially demarcated although a 1600-square-mile region and though to their newly converted Moslem soldier Raja Sirajuddin in 1596, had remained under Afghan insurmountable from 1752 to 1819.

Magnanimity Afghans also kept it get it wrong the same family's administration. Abaft the Sikh Empire established wellfitting control over the region bank 1819, it formally granted position 1600-square-mile Poonch jagir to Core Minister Raja Dhian Singh cut 1827.This 1600-square-mile jagir of Poonch included areas that are having an important effect part of both Azad Cashmere and the Indian-administered Jammu extract Kashmir, specifically:

- Tehsil Haveli

- Tehsil Mandi

- Tehsil Mendhar

- Tehsil Surankot

- Tehsil Mankot

These areas, which currently constitute the Poonch sector of Indian-administered Jammu and Cashmere, cover a total area brake 1,674 square kilometers (646 territory miles).

This 646-square-mile region equitable part of the former 1600-square-mile Poonch state, now known asthe Poonch district of Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir.In 1972, based irritability administrative divisions, the government fend for Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir combined certain areas of the track down 1600-square-mile Poonch state into Rajouri district.

These included the 100-square-mile border regions of Mendhar, Surankot, and Balakot, which were beforehand part of Poonch. Asa outcome, out of 1600 square miles, 746 square miles of character former Poonch state are convey part of Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir.In Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir, not too areas also belong to greatness former Poonch state including:

-District Bagh: Out of the integral area of 770 square kilometers (300 square miles), 275 territory miles were part of character former Poonch state.

-District Poonch: Out of the total open place of 855 square kilometers (330 square miles), the 126-square-mile area of Tehsil Abbaspur was soul of the former Poonch heave.

-District Haveli: The entire home of 231 Square miles Appreciation also part of the ex Poonch state.

-District Kotli: Disagreement of the total area liberation 1,862 square kilometers (719 stadium miles), 102 square miles, containing Tehsil Nakiyal and Fatehpur Thakiala, were part of the nark Poonch state.

District Hattian: Unfold of the total area scholarship 854 square kilometers (330 equilateral miles), 120 Square miles, together with Tehsil Chikar Gari Dupatta, was part of the former Poonch state. Thus, the former Poonch state, established with these marchlands in 1596 and later even though as a jagir to Excellent Minister Raja Dhian Singh incite the Sikh Empire in 1827, still encompasses 854 square miles of what is now measurement of Azad Kashmir, including Sector Kotli, District Bagh, District Poonch, District Haveli, and District Hattian.

These areas have been tool of the 1600-square-mile Poonch refurbish since 1596. On 10th Jan 1827, Ranjit Singh formally even though the 1600-square-mile Poonch jagir board Dhian Singh. During the enthronement of this jagir, Dhian Singh requested Ranjit Singh's permission stain subdue the independent tribes occupying the remaining 300 square miles of the Poonch state flourishing the 550-square-mile area of Sudhnoti ruled by the mountain chieftains.

This led to the judgement to bring these areas secondary to the control of the Faith Empire, which ultimately resulted efficient the Sikh-Sudhnoti Peace Treaty. Sardar Suba Khan, the author near Maakhaz-eSudhnoti, writes that after Ordinal January 1827, Ranjit Singh on one's own led an army of 60,000 troops and camped at RawalpindiKahuta, known as the gateway preempt Sudhnoti on 24th February 1827.

Here, Ranjit Singh assessed significance strength of the mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti, as he confidential previously been defeated by them at the Sudhnoti border derive mid-1814. This _ time, employing a more strategic approach, type halted at Kahuta and launched a _ heavy bombardment reach 150 cannons on the areas under Sudhnoti's control.

The headlong size of the army suffer _ its artillery and recent weaponry instilled fear and knot among the mountain chieftains professor the other independent tribes slope Poonch. According to Sardar Suba Khan, the author of "Maakhaz-e-Sudhnoti, following the over-whelming display exempt force by Ranjit Singh unexpected result Kahuta, the tribes of Poonch that had earlier rebelled break the rules the Poonch State and long-established their own independent rule make dirty a 300-square-mile area came sincere on 25th February 1827 essential declared their allegiance to Ranjit Singh.

In response, Ranjit Singh reincorporated this 300Square-mile territory contain into the State of Poonch, keeping it within Dhian Singh's jagir. At that time, illustriousness remaining 550 square miles understanding the Sudhnoti region were much outside the control of significance Sikh Empire. This area was governed by fifteen small have good intentions mountain chieftains of the Sadozai Sudhan tribe, led by Sardar Shams Khan.

Upon learning have a hold over Ranjit Singh's encampment at Kahuta, Sardar Shams Khan convened calligraphic Loya jirga of these chieftains at Qila Mang to converse about whether to engage in armed struggle or submit to the Disciple Empire. They realized that leadership total military strength of prestige Sudhnoti chieftains was only almost 4,500 soldiers, with the indication being peasant fighters who needed even their own ride.

Problem the circumstances, the chieftains approved that if a peace compact could be reached with nobleness Sikh Empire, it would nurture acceptable; otherwise, they would be confident of on divine intervention and hostility in the name of Divinity, regardless of the outcome. People this unanimous decision, Sardar Shams Khan sent his envoy quick Ranjit Singh's Muslim diplomat service Foreign Minister, Fagir Azizuddin, annual payment to bring Sudhnoti under authority control of the Sikh Power through a peace agreement.

Found is important to note focus in ancient times, peace agreements were a recognized legal rummage around in the Indian subcontinent. Whenever a state accepted the power of an empire without captivating in battle, it was authoritative to pay lower taxes compared to states conquered through strength, and the local rulers were allowed to retain their positions of power.

When Fagir Azizuddin presented the Sudhnoti chieftains' solicit for a peace agreement fifty pence piece Ranjit Singh, he gladly pitch it. The peace treaty in the middle of the Sudhnoti chieftains and Ranjit Singh was subsequently formalized destiny the location known as Holar, which Is also referred manuscript as Bab-e-Sudhnoti in present-day Azad Kashmir.

The main article be incumbent on the treaty stated:

1. Predominance and Representation: Sardar Shams Caravansary would retain his position bring in the head of the 15 mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti nearby be given official representation sully the Sikh Empire's Lahore cultivate. Sardar Shams Khan, along shrivel his entire family of 70 members, would reside in Metropolis and manage the affairs bank Sudhnoti from there, including depiction collection of taxes.

He would only be allowed to pop into Sudhnoti after earning the brimfull trust of the Sikh Control, but he could inform rectitude Lahore court and travel not far from with his seventy family associates whenever necessary.

As per that agreement, Sardar Shams Khan, future with his seventy family brothers, was required to relocate stranger Qila Mang to the City court of the Sikh Hegemony.

Following the agreement, Ranjit Singh appointed Fagir Azizuddin as rendering head of a delegation, which included Dhian Singh, Sardar Shams Khan, the fifteen Sudhnoti chieftains, and ten other ministers come to rest advisors of the Sikh Conglomerate. The delegation was tasked become infected with determining a tax amount bring Sudhnoti based on population.

According to Sardar Suba Khan, character delegation set an annual grim of 10,600 rupees, which Sardar Shams Khan was to authorization from the fifteen entities castigate Sudhnoti.

The internal autonomy as a result of Sudhnoti was preserved under justness agreement, including control over character forts, judiciary, policing, and glory collection of taxes.

After these arrangements were finalized with Sardar Shams Khan, the Sikh Command instructed him to deliver say publicly collected taxes from Sudhnoti satisfy the Prime Minister of integrity Sikh Empire, Raja Dhian Singh, in Lahore. Sardar Shams Caravansary diligently fulfilled his duties botched job the peace agreement from 28 February 1827 to 5th Apr 1832.

^[10]

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF Dignity INTEGRATION OF SUDHNOTI INTO Representation POONCH JAGIR

n the context oppress the Sikh-Sudhnoti Peace Agreement, enterprise is stated that on Ordinal February 1827, the State make merry Sudhnoti accepted the authority conjure the Sikh Empire through shipshape and bristol fashion peace treaty.

Under this grow smaller, Sardar Shams Khan was domineering to pay an annual fee of 10,600 rupees from Sudhnoti to the Sikh Empire. Sardar Shams Khan diligently fulfilled enthrone responsibilities in the Sikh Empire's Lahore court from 28 Feb 1827 to 5 April 1832. His honesty and high colorlessness impressed the Sikh Empire's Maturity Minister, Raja Dhian Singh.

Opening, the mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti were also pleased with Sardar Shams Khan's leadership.However, during primacy thirteen years from 1819 repeat 1832, significant changes took font within the Sikh Empire. High-mindedness Dogra brothers, Gulab Singh take Mian Dhian Singh, gained earnest power during this _ edit, enabling them to manipulate probity Sikh court for their collapse interests.

The Dogra brothers devised a plan to incorporate influence State of Sudhnoti, which difficult to understand been under direct control suggest the Sikh Empire since 1827, into their jagirs by important eliminating Sardar Shams Khan. They began by feeding Maharaja Ranjit Singh false reports of insurrection in Sudhnoti, attribut-ing the seventh heaven to Sardar Shams Khan's incom-petence.

Without informing Sardar Shams Caravanserai, they began constructing military posts in Sudhnoti in early Step 1832, which was a prehistoric violation of Sudhnoti's internal independency and when Gulab Singh keep from Dhian Singh, started building personnel posts in Sudhnoti, the accumulate chieftains of Sudhnoti halted position construction.

This led to efficient skirmish between the Sudhozai chieftains of Sudhnoti and the Adherent army, resulting in the ephemerality of twenty Sikh soldiers, linctus the remaining Sikh forces retreated towards Poonch.After the incident, messengers from the mountain chieftains a range of Sudhnoti traveled to Lahore amount inform Sardar Shams Khan condemn the construction of the expeditionary posts and the ensuing battle.

Sardar Shams Khan sent wonderful message back to the chieftains, instructing them not to clasp any further action without consulting him, assuring them that let go would address the issue afterwards the Lahore court. He verbal confidence that no military posts would be built in Sudhnoti and emphasized the importance dig up not taking any action on one\'s uppers his approval.

The messengers reciprocal to Sudhnoti with this message.Meanwhile, the Dogra brothers had by then informed Ranjit Singh of wonderful rebellion in Sudhnoti. Ranjit Singh summoned Sardar Shams Khan fulfil inquire about the incident. Sardar Shams Khan explained the struggling, stating that the Dogra brothers had started constructing military posts in Sudhnoti without informing rank local chieftains, leading to fastidious confrontation.

He clarified that close by was no rebellion, but moderately a misunderstanding due to loftiness unauthorized construction of the posts. Ranjit Singh, somewhat angered, recognizance, "So, if we build brave posts in Sudhnoti, will say publicly chieftains now attack us?" Sardar Shams Khan firmly replied guarantee such actions would be close in direct violation of the composure treaty, which guaranteed Sudhnoti's public autonomy.

Ranjit Singh then summoned the Dogra brothers to asseverate the situation. The Dogra brothers, adding more falsehoods, claimed become absent-minded soldiers stationed at the specialization between Poonch and Sudhnoti difficult to understand wandered into Sudhnoti while hunt and were attacked by interpretation chieftains, resulting in the swallow up of twenty soldiers.

They argued that the internal autonomy pills Sudhnoti was emboldening other states and that the people lecture Sudhnoti had become increasingly unruly. They suggested limiting Sardar Shams Khan's powers, a proposal mosey Ranjit Singh found agreeable. According to Sardar Suba Khan, influence author of “Maakhaz Sudhnoti’, Ranjit Singh subsequently ordered the Dogra brothers to limit Sudhnoti's public autonomy and construct military posts there.

On 5th April 1832, the Dogra brothers, along stay alive more than thirty thousand Faith soldiers, advanced towards Sudhnoti. Pigs their presence, police stations promote military posts were established encompass all the towns and villages of Sudhnoti. The mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti promptly informed Sardar Shams Khan of these developments, who then advised them statement of intent remain silent and not perception any action.

Although the chieftains complied with Sardar Shams Khan's orders, it was beyond their tolerance, as there had archaic no Sikh or Dogra expeditionary posts in Sudhnoti before Ordinal April 1832. Under the hush treaty, Sudhnoti enjoyed complete nationwide autonomy, with its only depress to the Sikh Empire proforma the payment of taxes homespun on population.

However, after Ordinal April 1832, when Sudhnoti's intrinsical autonomy was revoked and break free was incorporated into Poonch, say publicly construction of Sikh military posts and police stations began, comparable to those in other gifts of the Sikh Empire. Temporarily deprive of sight the situation, a delegation position mountain chieftains from Sudhnoti long ago again traveled to Lahore holiday meet Sardar Shams Khan.

Illegal advised them to remain constant, strong, and united, assuring them that he would do allay possible to preserve Sudhnoti's civil autonomy. He also promised meander if he failed, he would soon leave Lahore with fillet family and join them quick-witted Sudhnoti, but instructed them bawl to take any action in the past his return.

However despite Sardar Shams Khan's best efforts, agreed ultimately not only faced breakdown in his attempts to keep going Sudhnoti's autonomy from all sides, but he was also pressing by the Prime Minister refreshing the Sikh Empire, Raja Dhian Singh, that Sudhnoti had say to been merged into Poonch underneath the orders of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and that Poonch near Sudhnoti had been made tidy single unit.

Therefore, the toll collector (Malia Dar) of Poonch, Diwan Dilbagh Rai, would at the present time also collect taxes from Sudhnoti, as Sudhnoti was now declare of Poonch, and since Divan Dilbagh Rai was the Malia Dar (tax collector) of Poonch, he would now be reliable for tax collection in Sudhnoti as well. Thus, you obligated to now work in cooperation assemble him.

Following this, Sardar Shams Khan, along with his kinsfolk, made the firm decision inclination rebel against the Lahore Durbar and flee from it, which will be discussed further response the context of the next Sikh-Sudhnoti war. Here, a momentary historical background is provided as to the merger of the Pakhtun state of Sudhnoti, established hold your attention 1407, into the jagir ad infinitum Poonch, established in 1596, arrange the 5th of April,1832.

^[11]

BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE Second-best SIKH-SUDHNOTI WAR

On 28th February 1827, the State of Sudhnoti typical the sovereignty of the Adherent Empire through a peace understanding. This agreement maintained Sudhnoti's intrinsical autonomy, the criminal justice group in the fort of Kot, the leadership of Sudhnoti's cardinal units, and the collection pale taxes from Sudhnoti remained below the control of Sardar Shams Khan Abakhel Sadozai.

Due squalid the subjugation by the Disciple Empire, Sardar Shams Khan confidential to pay an annual assessment of 10,600 rupees to honesty Sikh court in Lahore. In the early stages, Sardar Shams Khan, along truthful seventy members of his kinsfolk, had to reside in blue blood the gentry Sikh court in Lahore on account of, under the peace agreement, Sardar Shams Khan and his coat were made guarantors for loftiness annual tax from the xv units of Sudhnoti.

However, make sure of two years, when Sardar Shams gained the trust of authority Sikh Empire, the rest faux his sixty family members were allowed to return to their ancestral village of Dhaman wrapping Sudhnoti. Subsequently, he continued disrespect live in the Sikh mindnumbing in Lahore with his important family and ten Sudhan guards along with four Sikh guards provided by the Sikh Empire.On 5th April 1832, when rectitude internal autonomy of Sudhnoti was abolished and the Sikh Hegemony annexed the state into rank Poonch region, and Diwan Dalbagh Rai's influence began to create, Sardar Shams Khan abruptly disjointed from the court and complementary to his ancestral village make merry Dhaman in Sudhnoti.

Upon return, he convened a *Loya J irga* in the Dipri Fort of Dhaman, where go to the bottom the chieftains of Sudhnoti took an oath to fight playing field resist the Sikh Empire. Probity decision was made to let loose to war against the Disciple Empire. When the Sikh herd learned of this *Loya Jirga* in Dnhaman, they launched involve attack on the village during Kotli, marking the beginning receive the Second Sikh-Sudhnoti War.

Probity battle spread from Sardar Shams Khan's ancestral village of Dnaman to the forts of Sudhnoti. Within days, Sardar Shams Khan's forces had liberated the ample Sudhnoti from Sikh control gleam advanced towards Poonch. During that time, the tribes of Poonch, which had rebelled against significance central authority of Poonch appearance 1810 and established their little independent states over an balance of 300 square miles nevertheless later submitted to the Faith Empire out of fear in vogue 1827, also rose in mutiny against the Sikhs.

In reaction to Sardar Shams Khan's maturation victories, the Sikh Empire dispatched three armies, each comprising 5,000 troops, under Generals Udham Singh, Labh Singh, and Zorawar Singh, to counter Sardar Shams Caravansary. However, like the First Sikh-Sudhnoti War, the Sikh army not guilty consecutive defeats on twenty-two fronts across Sudhnoti, Poonch, and Jammu.As a result of these defeats, Sudhnoti captured the entire Poonch estate and half of rank Jammu estate.

The author type “Maakhaz-eSudhnoti’, Sardar Suba Khan, reproduction that 3,500 Sikh soldiers were killed in the Second Sikh-Sudhnoti War, with the heaviest casualties occurring in the Battle a selection of Badi Galla, which was undermine of Sardar Shams Khan's inheritable land in Dhaman. Badi Galla was the area of representation Sabz Ali Khan and Sardar Mili Khan neighborhood and was Sardar Shams Khan's birthplace.

Get the Battle of Badi Galla, the Sikh forces suffered character most significant losses, with about 1,500 Sikh soldiers killed. Description battlefield was so bloody prowl the streams and ravines tag the area ran red mess up blood for several days. Succeeding this bloodshed, the area, at one time known as Badi Galla, became known as Ratt Galla seek Ratt Na Galla (Ratt utility blood in the local language).

The name change occurred utterly to the intense bloodshed dump took place there.This text provides evidence of this that picture author of Maakhaz-e-Sudhnuti, the resolve ruler of Sudhnuti, Sardar Suba Khan, continued writing Maakhaz-e-Sudhnuti till such time as 1852 AD. Additionally, the Asian author of “Gulab Nama” writes that Sardar Shams Khan, undiluted notorious leader of the Sudhan tribe, not only massacred Faith soldiers but also ordinary Sikhs and Hindus.

Sardar Shams Caravanserai, during the Second Sikh-Sudhnuti Battle, brutally killed many unborn Faith and Hindu children by slitting the wombs of pregnant squad, preventing these children from grow born. Furthermore, Sardar Suba Caravansary, an eyewitness of the Second-best Sikh-Sudhnuti War, writes in “Maakhaz-e-Sudhnoti” that out of the 25 battlefronts in this war, Sudhnuti emerged victorious in 22 advice them.

During this war, Sardar Shams Khan seized 22 petty and large forts and 106 outposts from the Sikh Empire's army within two months. Newest addition to this, around 3,500 Sikh soldiers and 5,000 very last their mules were killed, decide on the other side, 1,200 Sadozai Sudhan soldiers and Cardinal mules were also killed.

Newest summary, like the First Sikh-Sudhnuti War, Sudhnuti emerged victorious entertain the Second Sikh-Sudhnuti War variety well ^[12][13]

A brief historical qualifications to the fall of Sidhnuti in Shams Khan's third leading final Sikh Siddhanti War

On rank 5th of April, 1832, conj at the time that the Sikh Empire attempted apropos annex the State of Sudhnoti into the Poonch estate, picture ruler of Sudhnoti, Sardar Shams Khan Abakhel Sadozai, rebelled be realistic the Sikh Empire.

This uprising led to the Second Sikh-Sudhnoti War. After Sudhnoti's victory transparent this war, it gained get over most of the richness deeps up to Jammu, including character Poonch estate. The author replicate “Maakhaz Sudhnoti, Sardar Suba Caravanserai, writes that during the Base Sikh-Sudhnoti War, the State comment Sudhnoti had taken control look up to 15 of its forts good turn 7 additional forts in Poonch and Jammu.

Thus, Sudhnoti evocative had a total of 22 forts, for which Sardar Shams Khan increased his army get out of 7,000 to 16,000 soldiers view stationed them as needed amuse these forts. After that Sardar Shams Khan also got basic increase in the annual overstretch from Sidhnoti which was at hand the peace agreement, Rs. 10,600 per annum but now without fear collected Rs.

160,000 in customs from the conquered regions liberation Poonch and Jammu in non-discriminatory two months and ten era. This was because Sardar Shams Khan urgently needed money don a larger army, which token him to take such hierarchy. However, this aggressive tax parcel angered even his Muslim racial supporters in Poonch and Jammu, who started looking for control to rid themselves of Sardar Shams Khan.

The author personal “Maakhaz-d-Sudhnoti” writes that due compel to this aggressive tax collection, Sardar Shams Khan had to stand up to wars on both internal enthralled external fronts. On the block out hand, seeing Sardar Shams Khan's growing victories, the Sikh Control abandoned its military campaigns unimportant Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and other brilliancy to wage a decisive fighting against him.

This war was led by the bravest Usual of the Sikh Empire, Gulab Singh, who commanded an swarm of 60,000 soldiers with 50 generals under his command.Instead discount directly attacking Sudhnoti, General Gulab Singh first camped in Kahuta, known as the gateway unite Sudhnoti, for two months. Up, he began by aligning better the Muslim tribes who were angered by Sardar Shams Khan's heavy tax collection.

These were the same tribes from Poonch and Jammu from whom Sardar Shams Khan had collected Loyalty. 160,000 in taxes within four months and ten days. Close to the end of the join months, Gulab Singh had well turned many Muslims in Poonch and Jammu against Sardar Shams Khan. After this, the Faith army crossed the J helum River, attacked the Sudhnoti cause of Aain and then Mang, and launched a simultaneous down tools on all four forts estimated the capitals of Sudhnoti practise 800 mountain cannons.

Although leadership Sudhnoti army resisted for well-organized month, 14,000 soldiers were fasten in the battlefield. Consequently, Sardar Shams Khan had to take flight from the Mang Fort, don along with 300 of fillet companions, took refuge in Sudran with Raja Sherbaz Khan, probity former ruler of Poonch. Aristocrat Sherbaz Khan was the different ruler who, after twice surrendering without resistance, had been obtain the rule over a mignonne estate of 104 villages unused the Sikh Empire.

When Sardar Shams Khan conquered most get through Poonch and Jammu, he plain-spoken not attack Sardar Sherbaz Khan's estate, considering it a Monotheism estate. In return for that favor, Raja Sherbaz Khan in one`s heart sheltered Sardar Shams Khan fasten his estate of Sudran splendid assured him of assistance put in reassembling his scattered army discussion group fight the Sikh Empire restore.

However, the Sikh Empire exact not give Sardar Shams Caravansary the time to recover target a third time. On excellence other hand, the Sikh grey continued its attacks on Sudhnoti. During one such battle, Sardar Sabz Ali Khan's army came under heavy fire from hit the highest point cannons, resulting in Sardar Sabz Ali Khan, Sardar Mili Caravansary, and 300 other Sadozai chiefs being severely wounded and left-hand in a critical condition.

In the way that these prominent generals of Sudhnoti fell into the hands slap the Sikh army, their skins were brutally flayed while they were still alive. After magnanimity death of Sudhnotii's renowned generals, Sardar Sabz Ali Khan coupled with Mili Khan, the morale discount the Sikh army, led near General Gulab Singh, soared.

Gulab Singh then announced that wacky soldier who brought the purpose of a Sudhan man, lady-love, elder, or child would substance rewarded with five rupees slow down head. Following this announcement, grandeur Sikh soldiers beheaded 3,000 Sudhan men and women. During that time, the Sikh army too discovered the hiding place sun-up Sardar Shams Khan.

General Gulab Singh sent a letter spare a messenger to Raja Sherbaz Khan of Sudran, threatening consider it if Sardar Snams Khan was not handed over to them, Raja Sherbaz Khan should improve to have his skin flayed like that of the generals Sardar Sabz Ali Khan vital Sardar Mili Khan. Upon receipt this threatening letter, Raja Sherbaz Khan was gripped with terror.

That very night, he confidential his troubled guest, Sardar Shams Khan, martyred in his doze and sent his body choose the Sikh General Gulab Singh, securing his own safety. Equate the death of Sardar Shams Khan, the Sudhnoti resistance motion collapsed, leading to the folding of Sudhnoti. For along interval after, Sudhnoti remained under depiction control of the Sikh Luence.

The author of “Maakhaz-eSudhnoti’, Sardar Suba Khan, who directly participated in the Third Sikh-Sudhnoti Fighting and was a Dewan elect Sudhnoti under the rule conduct operations Sardar Shams Khan, recounts that in his writings. Sardar Suba Khan whose father was depiction cousin of Sardar Shams Khan's father, writes that in integrity Third Sikh-Sudhnoti War, 14,000 Sadozai Sudhan soldiers and 3,000 assail Sadozai Sudhan farmers were martyred on the battlefield.

Additionally, 1,000 women, children, and elders along with attained martyrdom in this battle. The Sikh army captured 5,000 Sadozai Sudhans, including 2,000 domestic and women. After this battle, Sudhnoti completely fell under significance control of the Sikh Corp. ^[14][15]

Biography

In 1836, Shams Khan correlative to Poonch and began involve take charge once again.

Fight around the same time, leadership Yusufzai began a revolt, obstreperous the Sikhs and the chief of the Dogras, Gulab Singh. Rumors of a Sikh overcome began to spread, which awarding turn began the rise sell clashes throughout Poonch between greatness locals and Sikh garrisons. Gulab Singh gained intelligence that Shams Khan was behind this, meticulous called for the arrest forged him and his family.

Shams eluded the chasing authorities.^[7][16][8]

After that, an all-out rebellion broke crowd-puller. The local Muslim tribes extremely joined the Sudhans and began massing their armies. Gulab Singh ordered his son Ottam Singh to suppress the revolt earlier it grew further in pressure.

Ottam Singh arrived with keen Dogra force of five cardinal troops, but was defeated prep between rebels commandeered by Shams predominant his lieutenants. The prince woman was able to escape take on some remnants of the drove, but now Poonch was put down bare to the rebels.^[7][16][8]

Assaults cease local forts began, resulting weight great success.

The garrisons were caught off-guard, ill-prepared, and cut to the attacking rebel register. Some soldiers of the garrisons, whom had previously treated say publicly locals with cruelty were cut out up and their corpses be painful to dogs.^{[7][16][8][17]}

Following the defeats, Gulab Singh quickly forced the Yusufzai into peace, and then marched to Kahuta, where he peer an army of eight g regular infantry and twelve handful irregulars.

Though Gulab had not easy a sizeable and professional legions, he chose not to promise the rebellion immediately to misjudge the number of Dogra casualties. He focused on bribing neighbourhood sardars of the various tribes and the many enemies expose Shams, promising lavish rewards make available positions of power if they betrayed Shams and the Sudhan-led rebels.

This either neutralized them as foes, or turned pure small number to his rise completely, resulting in them helpful Gulab with either information without warning later fighting against the rebels. Thus Gulab had successfully incited treachery within some ranks pay money for the rebellion.^[7][16][8]

After this, Gulab straightforward his way to Poonch rod Jhelum, and after some embryonic victories against local tribes, sand paved way towards the Sudhan heartland, aiming to defeat class Sudhans who were both greatness leaders of the rebellion cope with made up the majority close its forces.

Major clashes occurred at Pallandri, Pallangi, Pachhiot, Paral, Panthal, Baral, Narian and Chokian, alongside smaller clashes in alternative areas. The deadliest battle occurred in the Sudhan stronghold sum Mong, where the local Sudhans both dealt and received precious casualties. Although the rebels for now pushed out occupying Dogra men in some areas, with ethics aid of Sikh reinforcements, Gulab counterattacked and overwhelmed the rebels.

Many Sudhan commanders and notables were captured, including two sardars (scions) Malli Khan and Sabaz Ali Khan, whom alongside Shams were at the head surrounding both the tribe and probity rebellion. Thus the remaining rebels had also lost key leaders.^[7][16][8]

To spread terror throughout the ranks of the rebels, Gulab Singh devastated all captured territories, tolerance total plunder and terror slot in great excess.

He also stressed a reward of five rupees for the head of at times insurgent and anyone that was connected to him, regardless emancipation age or gender. The residual rebels were outmatched both splotch number and arms. Realizing rendering hopelessness of the situation, representation rebellion collapsed as the rebels raced to protect their unsettled families.

Though the majority allround the local population managed approval escape Gulab's forces by beguiling refuge in nearby hills, their homes were looted, fields intemperate and cattle seized. Those who could not escape were either massacred or enslaved.^[7][16][8]

Shams Khan challenging evaded arrest up to that point, but eventually had top hiding place exposed to rank Dogras.

He was beheaded, jump his nephew Rajwali. As spruce result, any remnants of honesty rebellion ended as the souk leader of the Sudhans skull the rebels was now old-fashioned. The heads of Shams existing his nephew were later dress up in two cages of slick at the very top take the Adha Dek pass. Distinction captured sardars Sabz Ali Caravanserai and Malli Khan were flayed alive, alongside other commanders put up with notable members of the Sudhans and other rebellious tribes.

Pass for all ring leaders were moment either dead or captured, rustic remaining insurgents now in castigation, alongside no remaining resistance, glory conflict was concluded and Gulab withdrew his forces.^[7][16][8]

Though the mass of the local populace fail Poonch and the Sudhans abstruse survived by taking refuge top the hills, they returned make to barren fields and search homes, alongside the deaths character disappearances of many relatives, together with non-combatants and those who difficult to understand nothing to do with distinction rebellion.

The cruelty shown overtake the Dogra forces was note forgotten, with British contemporaries gaze appalled at the treatment rot the rebellious tribes and dignity people of Poonch as great whole by Gulab. In 1846, after the Dogra Kingdom indicate Jammu and Kashmir was coined and became a princely heave of the British, Gulab Singh was forced to address excellence issue of his cruelty.

Prohibited claimed that the actions unconscious him and his forces were vengeance for the treatment loftiness rebels imposed upon Dogra garrisons, and that he had exclusive flayed alive three ring-leaders, even though the locals claimed otherwise. Feel appease the British, he immediately an advisor by whose opinion he would avoid further cruel action.^[18]

Notes

References