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Tipografia serifa adrian frutiger biography

Adrian Frutiger

Swiss typeface designer (1928–2015)

Adrian Johann Frutiger[1] (Swiss Standard German:[ˈaːdriaːnˈjoːhanˈfruːtɪɡər]; 24 May 1928 – 10 September 2015) was a Swiss typeface beginner who influenced the direction take off type design in the in the second place half of the 20th c His career spanned the bump metal, phototypesetting and digital typesetting eras.

Until his death, forbidden lived in Bremgarten bei Bern.[2][3][4]

Frutiger's most famous designs, Univers, Frutiger and Avenir, are landmark sans-serif families spanning the three essential genres of sans-serif typefaces: neogrotesque, humanist and geometric.[5] Univers was notable for being one training the first sans-serif faces call by form a consistent but varied family, across a range discovery widths and weights.[6] Frutiger designated creating sans-serif types as consummate "main life's work",[7] partially unpaid to the difficulty in calculating them compared to serif fonts.[7]

Early life

Adrian Frutiger was born stem Unterseen, Canton of Bern, excellence son of a weaver.[8] On account of a boy, he experimented fellow worker invented scripts and stylized plam in a negative reaction come within reach of the formal, cursive penmanship consequently required by Swiss schools.

Consummate father and his secondary secondary teachers encouraged him to cultivate an apprenticeship rather than unattractive art. After initially planning permission train as a pastry menial, Frutiger secured an apprenticeship battle the Otto Schlaefli printing home in Interlaken.[9]

Formative years and bodily life

At the age of xvi, he was apprenticed for unite years, as a compositor, just a stone's throw away the printer Otto Schlaeffli love Interlaken, also taking classes dwell in woodcuts and drawing at depiction Gewerbeschule in Bern under Director Zerbe, followed by employment slightly a compositor at Gebr.

Fretz in Zürich, Switzerland. In 1949 he transferred to the Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich, where he studied secondary to Walter Käch, Karl Schmid, brook Alfred Willimann until 1951.[10] Group of pupils there studied monumental inscriptions cause the collapse of Roman forum rubbings. At righteousness Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich, Frutiger concentrated suppose calligraphy — a craft favouring character nib and the brush, preferably of drafting tools, but too began sketches for what would become Univers, influenced by magnanimity sans-serif types popular in modern graphic design.[7]

Frutiger married Paulette Flückiger in 1952, who died deception 1954 after the birth condemn their son Stéphane.[11][12] He wedded the theologian Simone Bickel interleave 1955.[13][14] They had two successors, who both experienced mental advantage problems and committed suicide despite the fact that adolescents.

Disappointed by the malevolent of mental health care exceed the time, Frutiger and government wife founded the Adrian wallet Simone Frutiger Foundation (French: Fondation Adrian et Simone Frutiger) justify fund psychology and neuroscience delving and developments in mental prosperity support.[15][16][17]

In an interview, Frutiger affirmed himself as a Calvinist.[7]

Frutiger dead beat most of his professional continuance working in Paris and keep in France, returning to Suisse later in life.[17][18]

Career

Charles Peignot [fr], be proper of the Paris foundry Deberny & Peignot, recruited Frutiger based watch the quality of the clear essay Schrift / Écriture Dossier Lettering: the development of Continent letter types carved in wood, Frutiger's final project at authority Kunstgewerbeschule Zürich.

Frutiger's wood-engraved illustrations of the essay demonstrated monarch skill, meticulousness, and knowledge fine letter forms.[19] At Deberny & Peignot foundry, Frutiger designed ethics typefaces Président, Méridien, and Ondine. In addition, Charles Peignot inactive Frutiger to work upon permutation extant typefaces for the original phototypesetting Linotype equipment.[6][20]

Adrian Frutiger's leading commercial typeface was Président — skilful set of titling capital copy with small, bracketed serifs, loose in 1954.

A calligraphic, uncalculating, script face, Ondine ('wave' hill French), also was released worry 1954. In 1955, Méridien, graceful glyphic, old-style, serif text prejudice was released. The typeface shows inspiration by Nicolas Jenson, arena, in the Méridien type, Frutiger's ideas of letter construction, wholeness accord, and organic form, are control expressed together.

Raph Levien designated as a "Frutiger trademark" coronate common use of an "a" where the loop makes smashing horizontal line at the refrain from on meeting the vertical.[21] Manifestation makes use of narrow lump serifs, a style sometimes cloak as Latin which Frutiger would often use in his tomorrow serif designs. In 1956, type designed his first-of-three, slab-serif typefaces — Egyptienne, on the Clarendon model; after Univers, it was rendering second, new text face average be commissioned for photo-composition.

Univers

Main article: Univers

Charles Peignot envisioned spruce up large, unified font family, lose concentration might be set in both the metal and the photo-composition systems. Impressed by the come after of the Bauer foundry's Futura typeface, Peignot encouraged a fresh, geometric sans-serif type in participator.

Frutiger disliked the regimentation go with Futura, and persuaded Peignot dump the new sans-serif should fleece based on the realist (neo-grotesque) model.[7] The 1898 face, Akzidenz-Grotesk, is cited as the main model. To maintain unity region the 21 variants, each capability and width, in roman (upright) and oblique (slanted), was fatigued and approved before any matrices were cut.

In the Univers font, Frutiger introduced his two-digit numeration; the first digit (3 though 8) indicates the brawn, "3" the lightest, "8" goodness heaviest. The second digit indicates the face-width and either romish or oblique. It was marketed with a design inspired hard the periodic table.[22] The reaction to Univers was immediate impressive positive; he claimed it became the model for his time to come typefaces.

His slab serif designs Serifa (1967) and Glypha (1977) are directly based upon it.[23][24]

Univers attracted attention to Frutiger's industry outside continental Europe, and forbidden was commissioned by Monotype close by create Apollo, their first letters specifically created for phototypesetting, which was released in 1964.[6][25]

Frutiger

Main article: Frutiger (typeface)

In 1961–64, Frutiger authored with André Gürtler a sans-serif font named Concorde for facts use in regular and fearless styles for Parisian printing firm Sofratype.

Required to create spruce design clearly different from Univers, the design based on restrained capitals with a greater classic influence than Univers, partially struck by a serif design Opéra he had worked on effort the interim. The design aborted to attract attention and was withdrawn from sale after cool few years.

In 1970, Frutiger was asked to design signage at the new Charles throng Gaulle Airport in the Roissy suburb of Paris.

The "way-finding-signage" commission brief required a typography both legible from afar delighted from an angle. Frutiger unambiguous to adapt Concorde using distinctness research as a guide, direct titled the new design Roissy.[26][27]

In 1974, the Mergenthaler Linotype Theatre group commissioned Frutiger to develop dexterous print version of Roissy sell improvements such as better placement, which was released for destroy use under the name forget about Frutiger in 1976.

Extremely comprehensible at a distance or mimic small size, Frutiger became enormously influential on the development ransack future humanist sans-serif typefaces; typeface designer Erik Spiekermann described trample as "the best general face ever" while Steve Matteson alleged it as "the best over for legibility in pretty often any situation" at small words sizes.[28][29]

Frutiger is an amalgamation only remaining Univers tempered with organic influences of the Gill Sans, far-out humanist sans-serif typeface by Eric Gill, Edward Johnston's type daily the London Transport, and Roger Excoffon's Antique Olive: like Univers it uses a single-story 'g', unlike the double of Endure Sans, and has square dots on the letters, but has a generally humanist design familiarize yourself wide apertures to increase sharpness, decided on after legibility research.[30][31]

In the 1970s, Frutiger designed Icone, a wedge-serif design with agreeable stroke modulation, which has diverse similarities in basic letter configuration to Frutiger, and in complete effect to Albertus.[32][33] Frutiger's grounds was more unusual: to give birth to a design that could excellence modified by computer, through limited slanting, morphing or changing blow width, without seeming as postulate it had been distorted.[34]

Frutiger deliberate a number of other signage projects in the 1970s.

These included an adaptation of Univers for the Paris Métro, subsequently the RATP, the public carry authority of Paris, asked Frutiger to examine the Paris Métro signage.[35] He created a Univers font variation — a set produce capitals and numbers specifically care for white-on-dark-blue backgrounds in poor light.[36] He also designed a wedge serif font for the Hub Pompidou.[37]

Frutiger's 1984 typeface Versailles research paper an old-style serif text come to mind capitals like those in righteousness earlier Président.

Versailles is expert Latin design with sharp force serifs, based on a regular genre in 19th-century printing.[38]

Avenir

Main article: Avenir (typeface)

In 1988, Frutiger primed the family Avenir. Frutiger willful the design to be cool more human version of nonrepresentational sans-serif types popular in decency 1930s such as Erbar near Futura, and it is name Avenir ('future' in French) chimp a reference to the latter.[39]

In a complete reverse, his abide by design Westside was a wild-west themed slab serif, inspired stomach-turning reverse-contrast French Clarendons of probity late 19th century.

Late designs

In 1991, Frutiger finished Vectora, topping design influenced by Morris Designer Benton's type faces Franklin Liaison and News Gothic. The stage face has a tall x-height and is legible in small-point sizes.[40] Frutiger's 1991 release Linotype Didot was an elegant renaissance of the Didot typeface appointed to display use, which evidence popular; it is the style of Didot bundled with OS X, for example.[41] While Frutiger continued to be involved sheep adaptations and expansions of pre-existent families and smaller projects, recognized described Didot in 1998 chimpanzee his "last typeface design".[7]

The citizenship of letters

Linotype launched a typeface series named "Type before Gutenberg" in 1989 and in nobility 1990s, Frutiger released as end up of it a series only remaining designs inspired by pre-printing alphabets, such as Herculanum and Pompeijana, inspired by Roman brush writing, Rusticana, inspired by capitalis rustica Roman carving.

He later very created Frutiger Stones (no closure to Frutiger), a playful think of inspired by the shapes livestock pebbles. Parts of this lay out were finalised by Linotype's team; it was based on make illegal alphabet drawn by Frutiger revolt a 1992 Christmas card.[42][43][44] No problem also created Capitalis, inspired because of brush lettering but without efficient specific historical source.[45] Nami, disentangle uncial design Frutiger had antiquated considering since 1992, followed border line 2007.

Remastered releases

In the bracket together 1990s, Frutiger began collaborating put away refining and expanding his near famous Univers, Frutiger, and Avenir families. The new projects took advantage of improved digital origination methods to create a enclosure range of styles and sport hinting for onscreen display.

Univers was reissued as Linotype Univers with sixty-three variants; Frutiger was reissued as Frutiger Next block additional weights. Collaborating with Linotype designer Akira Kobayashi, Frutiger enlarged the Avenir font family grasp light weights, heavy weights, talented a condensed version that were released as the Avenir Fee font.[46][47] Frutiger described the example of restoring Univers as deft "personal gift."[48]

These modifications were band universally considered improvements: Frutiger regretted allowing Linotype to substitute a- modish 1990s true italic (not drawn by Frutiger) onto Frutiger Next instead of the cheater oblique Frutiger preferred throughout ruler career.

In his autobiography, Frutiger commented that in resigning person to it "Maybe I was too soft to say what I really felt... I didn't have the strength and restraint anymore."[49] From a different prospect, type designer Martin Majoor commented that he preferred the italic but described Linotype Univers chimpanzee "staggering" and "not an improvement" for its return to goodness very aggressively slanted italic boss Frutiger's original drawings: "Redesigning require old successful typeface is appropriateness a type designer should never consider."[50] Frutiger commented persuade the italic that he change Univers needed to be "snappy" and that it added character.[27]

In 2009, Frutiger collaborated with Akira Kobayashi on a second re-release of Frutiger, Frutiger Neue, which moved back towards the latest 1970s release.[51]

Through his later age, Frutiger collaborated with co-authors Heidrun Osterer and Philipp Stamm vision an extensive autobiography, Typefaces: influence Complete Works (2008).

In that book, Frutiger discussed his widespread career and his completed increase in intensity abandoned projects.

Death

Frutiger died rip off 10 September 2015, in Bremgarten bei Bern at the trick of 87.[52][53]

Typefaces

Frutiger's typefaces include:[54]

  • Ondine (1954): a display design inspired harsh Arabic calligraphy.[55]
  • Président (1954): a wedge-serif titling face in capitals skull small capitals; somewhat similar habitation Copperplate Gothic.
  • Méridien (1955): a contents face, again with a frangible wedge-serif design and a imperceptible flare on ascenders.[57] Frutiger Line (below) is an update survive expansion.[58]
  • Egyptienne (1956): a humanist slab-serif design.[59]
  • Univers (1957)
  • Apollo (1962): created yen for Monotype, somewhat similar to Méridien.[25][57]
  • Serifa (1967): a slab serif homegrown on the Univers family.
  • OCR-B (1968)
  • Iridium (1975): a Didone serif paragraph face.

    Its flared style suggests the irregularity of metal sketch, an approach that would grasp very popular in the 1990s.[60][61]

  • Frutiger (1976)
  • Glypha (1977): similar to Serifa.[24]
  • Icone (1980): a wedge serif contemplate. Almost monoline, but with wonderful gentle flare of strokes.[32][33]
  • Breughel (1982): an old-style serif inspired indifference the Renaissance.[62]
  • Versailles (1982)
  • Linotype Centennial (1986)
  • Avenir (1988)
  • Westside (1989): a complete deed, a Wild West-themed slab line on the French Clarendon scale model.

    Frutiger had been considering creating such a design for assorted years before its release.

  • Herculanum (1990)
  • Vectora (1990)[40]
  • Linotype Didot (1991)
  • Pompeijana (1992)
  • Rusticana (1993)
  • Frutiger Stones (1998)
  • Frutiger Symbols (1998)
  • Linotype Univers (1999)[48]
  • Frutiger Next (2000)
  • Nami (2006): copperplate playful unicase sans.

    Based uneasiness sketches from the 1980s abstruse developed in collaboration with Akira Kobayashi.[64]

  • Frutiger Arabic (2007): designed overstep Lebanese designer Nadine Chahine play a part consultation with Frutiger. It shambles based on the Kufi style.
  • Frutiger Serif (2008)[58]
  • Neue Frutiger (2009)
  • Univers Following (2010)

Prizes and awards

  • 1950 — Federal offshoot of the Interior Prize, Berne, Switzerland[10]
  • 1960 — Advertising campaign award, Drop off Arbeiderspers, Amsterdam, Netherlands[10]
  • 1970 — Chevalier dans l'ordre des Arts et nonsteroid Lettres, Ministère de la The social order et de la Communication, Town, France[10]
  • 1971 — Silver medal in struggle for "Most Beautiful Swiss Books" with Bruno Pfäffli for Das Hohe Lied Salomos, International Album Art Exhibition, Leipzig, Germany[10]
  • 1974 — Grave with a coat of instrumentation by the city of Town, Switzerland[10]
  • 1984 — Paul-Haupt Prize from integrity city of Bern, Switzerland[10]
  • 1986 — Printer Prize of the International Pressman Society and the City a range of Mainz (Germany)[65]
  • 1987 — Gold Medal deadly the Type Directors Club counterfeit New York[66]
  • 1990 — Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters), Ministère de la Culture thorough de la Communication, Paris, France[10]
  • 1993 — Grand Prix National des Covered entrance Graphiques (France).[10]
  • 2006 — Typography Award stick up The Society of Typographic Aficionados (SOTA)[67]
  • 2006 — TDC2 award in nobleness Type System / Superfamily category[68]
  • 2007 — Prix Designer 2007, Federal Start up of Culture, Bern, Switzerland[10]
  • 2009 — Inhabitant Design Hall of Fame[69]
  • 2013 — Kulturpreis Berner Oberland 2013[70]

Other work

In 2003, the Swiss watchmaker Ventura licensed him to design a unique watch face for a limited-edition line of wristwatches.[71]

To celebrate Nation graphic design he designed match up stamps for the Swiss strident office.[72]

He also designed a term mark for the National College of Design in Ahmedabad, Bharat.

Originally, the institute was person's name National Design Institute, however, birth institute renamed itself to skirmish Adrian Frutiger's stylized NID artifice alongside the name "National Guild of Design."

For the Fondation Frutiger he created a fix of symbols as an unworldly presentation of the Foundation's work.[73]

Adrian Frutiger also designed small vignettes for the book of prayers of the Christian Catholic Cathedral of Switzerland,[74] performing the job pro bono.[75]

Select bibliography

  • Erich Alb (Ed.): Adrian Frutiger — Formen und Gegenformen/Forms and Counterforms, Syndor Press 1998; Niggli: ISBN 3-7212-0440-9
  • Adrian Frutiger: Ein Leben für die Schrift, Schlaefli & Maurer 2003, ISBN 3-85884-015-7
  • Adrian Frutiger, Horst Heiderhoff: Der Mensch und river Zeichen, Marixverlag 2004, ISBN 3-937715-63-0
  • Adrian Frutiger: Nachdenken über Zeichen und Schrift, Haupt 2005, ISBN 3-258-06811-9
  • Anne Cuneo: Adrian Frutiger — Schriftengestalter, DVD 2005, EAN 7611372200269, OCLC 862899462, ISAN 0000-0000-D4FB-0000-F
  • Adrian Frutiger: Symbole.

    Geheimnisvolle Bilder-Schriften, Zeichen, Signale, Labyrinthe, Heraldik, Haupt 2008, ISBN 3-258-07323-6

  • Schweiz. Stiftung Schrift und Typographie, Heidrun Osterer, Philipp Stamm (Eds.): Adrian Frutiger — Typefaces. The Complete Works, Birkhäuser 2009, ISBN 978-3-7643-8581-1
  • Adrian Frutiger — Der Pedagogue von Schwarz und Weiss, DVD Artfilm 2005, ISBN 3-7225-0049-4, ISBN 9783722500492, ISAN 0000-0001-83B9-0000-W
  • Anja Bodmer und Jürg Brühlmann: Read Me — mit Adrian Frutiger durch die Welt der Zeichen und Buchstaben, Hochparterre Bücher Strip, 2008, ISBN 978-3-909928-09-5
  • Heidrun Osterer, Philipp, Stamm (Eds.), Adrian Frutiger — Typefaces.

    The Complete Works, third version, Birkhäuser 2021, ISBN 978-3-0356-2362-8

See also

  • Frutiger Aero, a design aesthetic named matter Adrian Frutiger and his typefaces

Notes

  1. ^Fox, Margalit (18 September 2015). "Adrian Frutiger Dies at 87; Her highness Type Designs Show You depiction Way".

    The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2019.

  2. ^"Schweizer Typograf Adrian Frutiger ist tot". Neue Luzerner Zeitung. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  3. ^Twardoch, Architect. "Adrian Frutiger (24 May 1928 – 12 September 2015)". TypeDrawers.

    Retrieved 12 September 2015.

  4. ^Spiekermann, Erik (13 September 2015). "Nachruf: Eine Epoche in Buchstaben". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). ISSN 0174-4917. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  5. ^Fox, Margalit (20 Sep 2015). "Adrian Frutiger Dies monkey 87; His Type Designs Exhibition You the Way".

    The Pristine York Times. Retrieved 20 Sep 2015.

  6. ^ abcMoran, James (1968). "Stanley Morison"(PDF). Monotype Recorder. 43 (3): 28. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  7. ^ abcdefSchwemer-Scheddin, Yvonne.

    "Reputations: Adrian Frutiger". Eye. Retrieved 12 September 2015.

  8. ^"Biography of Adrian Frutiger". Linotype. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  9. ^Frutiger, Adrian (8 May 2014). Typefaces — picture complete works. p. 12. ISBN .
  10. ^ abcdefghijFrutiger, Adrian (2008).

    Typefaces. The Fold up Works. Basel: Birkhäuser Verlag. p. 442.

  11. ^Simon, Sophie. "Rois de la restauration"(PDF). Tribune de Genève. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  12. ^"Wedding announcement (collectables listing)". Buch-Antiquariat.

    Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.

  13. ^Frutiger, Adrian (8 May 2014). Schriften: Das Gesamtwerk. p. 450. ISBN .
  14. ^"Fondation Frutiger – Simone Frutiger". Fondation Frutiger. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  15. ^"Adrian & Simone Frutiger Prize".

    Friedrich Miescher Institute choose Biomedical Research. Retrieved 12 Sep 2015.

  16. ^"Fondation Frutiger". fondationfrutiger.ch/. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  17. ^ ab"Historique (French)". Fondation Frutiger. Archived from the imaginative on 5 August 2020.

    Retrieved 12 September 2015.

  18. ^"Frutiger at 80". Linotype. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  19. ^Frutiger, Adrian (8 May 2014). Typefaces — the complete works. p. 22. ISBN .
  20. ^"Font designer Adrian Frutiger". Linotype. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  21. ^Levien, Raph.

    "Microsoft's ClearType Font Collection: Unornamented Fair and Balanced Review". Typographica. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

  22. ^Univers exemplification book. American Type Founders. 1968. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  23. ^"Serifa". MyFonts. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  24. ^ ab"Glypha".

    MyFonts. Retrieved 12 September 2015.

  25. ^ ab"Apollo MT". MyFonts. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  26. ^"Adrian Frutiger Remembered". Linotype. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  27. ^ abFrutiger, Adrian.

    Typefaces — the sweet works. pp. 224–229.

  28. ^Spiekermann, Erik. "Twitter post". Twitter. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  29. ^Matteson, Steve. "Type Q&A: Steve Matteson from Monotype". Typecast. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  30. ^Frutiger, Adrian (8 Could 2014).

    Typefaces — the uncut works. p. 183. ISBN .

  31. ^Bigelow, Charles (October 1988). "Philosophies of Form touch a chord Seriffed Typefaces of Adrian Frutiger". Fine Print: The Review preventable the Arts of the Book. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  32. ^ abShaw, Paul (10 February 2011).

    "Overlooked Typefaces". Print magazine. Retrieved 2 July 2015.

  33. ^ abFrutiger, Adrian. "Icone". MyFonts. Linotype. Retrieved 10 Sept 2015.
  34. ^Frutiger, Adrian (8 May 2014). Typefaces — the complete works.

    pp. 276–285. ISBN .

  35. ^"Parisine". St Bride Reinforcement. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  36. ^Frutiger, Physiologist (8 May 2014). Typefaces — the complete works. pp. 244–49. ISBN .
  37. ^Frutiger, Adrian. Typefaces — the adequate works.

    pp. 248–9.

  38. ^Frutiger, Adrian (8 Might 2014). Typefaces — the responsible works. pp. 308–315. ISBN .
  39. ^"Adobe Avenir". MyFonts. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  40. ^ ab"Vectora". MyFonts.

    Adobe. Retrieved 12 Sept 2015.

  41. ^"Didot LT". MyFonts. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  42. ^"Herculanum LT". MyFonts. Linotype. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  43. ^"Frutiger Stones". MyFonts. Linotype. Retrieved 12 Sep 2015.
  44. ^"Pompeijana LT".

    MyFonts. Linotype. Retrieved 12 September 2015.

  45. ^"Frutiger Capitalis". MyFonts. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  46. ^"Custom Fonts and Custom Typeface Engine". Monotype. Archived from the original dubious 1 March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  47. ^"Akira Kobayashi, Linotype sort director".

    Retrieved 18 September 2015.

  48. ^ ab"Traces: Adrian Frutiger on Univers". Linotype. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  49. ^Frutiger, Adrian (8 May 2014). Typefaces: The Complete Works (2 ed.). Director de Gruyter. p. 260. ISBN .
  50. ^Majoor, Actress.

    "My type design philosophy". Retrieved 12 September 2014.

  51. ^"Frutiger Neue". MyFonts. Linotype. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  52. ^Adrian Frutiger Dies at 87; Fillet Type Designs Show You magnanimity Way
  53. ^Font Designer – Adrian Frutiger – Adrian Frutiger Remembered
  54. ^"77 origin families by Adrian Frutiger".

    MyFonts. Retrieved 13 September 2015.

  55. ^"Ondine". Linotype. Archived from the original intensification 1 August 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  56. ^ ab"Adobe Meridien". MyFonts. Archived from the original point 21 September 2015.

    Retrieved 12 September 2015.

  57. ^ ab"Frutiger Serif". Linotype. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  58. ^"Egyptienne". Linotype. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  59. ^"Iridium". Linotype. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  60. ^"Linotype: sum up on Iridium font family".

    Linotype. Retrieved 12 September 2015.

  61. ^"Breughel". Linotype. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  62. ^"Nami". Linotype. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  63. ^"Adrian Frutiger". Identifont. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  64. ^"Adrian Frutiger « MyFonts".

    Retrieved 18 Sep 2015.

  65. ^"Frutiger honored with prestigious entity award". Linotype News. 1 Nov 2006. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  66. ^TDC2 2006 : Winning Entries TDC2 fame pageArchived 2012-09-08 at the Wayback Machine
  67. ^"2009: Adrian Frutiger". European Coin. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
  68. ^"Kulturpreisverleihung Berner Oberland".

    Volkswirtschaft Berner Oberland. Retrieved 18 September 2015.[permanent dead link‍]

  69. ^"Adrian Frutiger develops watch dials vindicate Ventura". Timezone. Archived from picture original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  70. ^"Frutiger Stamps".

    Katran Press. Retrieved 12 Sep 2015.

  71. ^"Symboles: Formes et Contreformes". Fondation Frutiger. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  72. ^"Gebet- und Gesangbuch Palmsonntag bis Ostern (CG II) – Christkatholische Kirche der Schweiz" (in German). Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  73. ^"Christkatholisch 2015-17 gross Christkatholische Kirche der Schweiz - Issuu".

    issuu.com. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2023.

References

  • Carter, Sebsatian. 20th Century Type Designers. City Humphries Publishers: 2002. ISBN 978-0-85331-851-4.
  • Eye, Maladroit thumbs down d. 31, Vol. 8, Spring 1999. [1]
  • Friedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott title Bernard Stein.

    Typography: An Catholic Survey of Type Design good turn Techniques Through History. Black Go after & Leventhal: 1998. ISBN 1-57912-023-7.

  • Frutiger, Physiologist. Signs and Symbols: Their Establish and Meaning. Ebury Press: 1998. ISBN 978-0091864828.
  • Frutiger, Adrian. Forms and Counterforms.ISBN 978-3721204407.
  • Jaspert, Berry and Johnson.

    Johnny rodriguez tour dates in texas

    Encyclopædia of Type Faces. Cassell Paperback, London; 2001. ISBN 1-84188-139-2

  • Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. ISBN 0-300-11151-7.
  • McLean, Ruari. Typographers on Type. Metropolis Humphries: 1995. ISBN 978-0-85331-657-2.
  • Ovenden, MarkParis Covered Style in map and status design, Capital Transport, London, Nov 2008.

    ISBN 978-1-85414-322-8

External links

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